[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-112855-en":3,"doc-seo-112855-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":83},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},112855,962075114101,"Seraphina","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e000253a75eb197efd?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1780044092746381165",8,"Research & Report","The Geography of NGO Activism against Multinational Corporations","To what extent do NGOs monitor global value chains through campaigns targeting multinational firms? While NGOs publicly condemn corporate misconduct worldwide, their motivations for choosing specific campaign targets remain unclear. Using a new dataset of activists’ campaigns, the study estimates a triadic gravity model linking the NGO, firm, and action countries. Results show a strong proximity bias: distance, borders, and language barriers reduce campaign intensity, with home and home-language firms receiving substantially more attacks.","Pub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized  \nThe World Bank Economic Review, 34(1), 2020, 143–163 doi: 10.1093/wber/lhy007 Article  \nThe Geography of NGO Activism against Multinational Corporations  \nSophie Hatte and Pamina Koenig  \nAbstract  \nTo what extent do Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) monitor global value chains? While NGOs regularly denounce the behavior of multinational corporations throughout the world, their motivations for choosing campaign targets remain largely unknown. Using a new dataset on activists’ campaigns toward multinational firms, we estimate a triadic gravity equation for campaigns, involving the NGO, firm, and action countries. Our results point to a strong proximity bias in NGO activity: Distance, national borders, and lack of a common language all contribute to impede the intensity of campaigns. We estimate the distance elasticity of campaigns to be −0.2 and further document that NGOs strongly bias their actions toward home firms or foreign firms with home actions. A domestic firm is 3.45 times more likely to be attacked than a foreign one. Foreign firms headquartered in common language countries draw 1.63 times more campaigns. Overall, campaigns seem tobe designed so as to include at least one element of proximity drawing the attention of consumers. This pattern questions the role of NGOs in the monitoring of multinational production operated in remote, unfamiliar locations.  \nJEL classification: F23, F61, L31  \nKeywords: NGO, multinational firms, gravity equation, global value chains  \n1. Introduction  \nThe emergence of global value chains (GVCs) opens the question of how to supervise the different production stages for individual goods, which are being increasingly scattered across countries. The monitoring of multinational activity is at the center of advocacy Non-Governmental Organizations’(NGOs) activity.1  \nSophie Hatte is Postdoc Fellow at the University of Lausanne, Switzerland; her email address is [sophie.hatte@unil.ch](sophie.hatte@unil.ch). Pamina Koenig (corresponding author) is a Professor of Economics at the University of Rouen. She is also affiliated with Paris School of Economics, France; her email address is [pamina.koenig@psemail.eu. We](pamina.koenig@psemail.eu. We) are very grateful to Robert Blood for preparing and giving us access to the Sigwatch database. We thank three anonymous referees and the editor for their key contributions to the paper. We thank participants of the Paris School of Economics NGO seminar, and we acknowledge support from the ANR-10-LABX-93-01 grant for organizing the seminar. Sophie Hatte acknowledges financial support from the Swiss National Fund (SNF) A supplementary online appendix is available with this article at The World Bank Economic Review website.  \n1 Government regulation may also overtake this task, as in the recent French corporate duty of vigilance law adopted in February 2017, which requires multinational firms subcontracting part of their production to prevent overall risks relative to human rights and the environment.  \n© The Author(s) 2018 . Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK.  \nAll rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [journals.permissions@oup.com](journals.permissions@oup.com)  \nDownloaded from [https://academic.oup.com/wber/article/34/1/143/5049878 by International Monetary Fund user on 23 June 2021](https://academic.oup.com/wber/article/34/1/143/5049878 by International Monetary Fund user on 23 June 2021)  \nThey closely follow worldwide sales and production of multinational corporations, regularly reporting misconduct and damages to health or the environment that are caused by the firms’ behavior.  \nTo what extent do NGOs succeed in monitoring global value chains? While NGOs’ duty is associated to important policy challenges, there is little academic work analyzing the behavior of these agents whose activity","cbCain5QwgMYD5zv","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCain5QwgMYD5zv","pdf",482424,1,21,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Global value chains and monitoring by NGOs\n## Data and empirical approach","[{\"question\":\"Why do the authors argue this targeting pattern matters?\",\"answer\":\"The pattern suggests campaigns are designed to include proximity elements that attract consumer attention, challenging the idea that NGOs effectively monitor production stages in remote, unfamiliar locations.\"}]",1784497716,53,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":78,"head_meta":80,"extra_data":82,"updated_unix":27},"the-geography-of-ngo-activism-against-multinational-corporations","",{"@graph":35,"@context":77},[36,53,68],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-geography-of-ngo-activism-against-multinational-corporations/112855/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-20","2026-07-19",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Why do the authors argue this targeting pattern matters?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The pattern suggests campaigns are designed to include proximity elements that attract consumer attention, challenging the idea that NGOs effectively monitor production stages in remote, unfamiliar locations.","Answer","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":79,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":81,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":84},[85,89,93,97,102,107,112,115,120,123,127],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":86,"show_sort_weight":87,"slug":88},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":90,"show_sort_weight":91,"slug":92},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":98,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":103,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":104,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":106},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":108,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":109,"show_sort_weight":110,"slug":111},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":130},19,"General","general"]