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It reviews historical development and explains what the credential tests, how testing is overseen, and how passing standards and retesting operate. It also situates GED’s expansion using participation and funding measures, then frames ongoing policy challenges for the 21st century and the research questions about educational and broader life outcomes associated with GED holders.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-general-educational-development-ged-credential-history-current-research-and-directions-for-policy-and-practice/264064/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-general-educational-development-ged-credential-history-current-research-and-directions-for-policy-and-practice/264064.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Quinn","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-14",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",15,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the GED credential intended to certify?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The GED certifies acquisition of knowledge levels across five areas: mathematics, writing, reading, social studies, and science.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Who oversees the GED testing program and how are the tests administered?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"GED Testing Service (GEDTS), an arm of the American Council on Education (ACE), oversees the program and produces and disseminates tests, while state education agencies administer, collect, and score them.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What are the current passing standards and retesting rules described in the chapter?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Since 1997, the chapter notes a minimum score of 40 (out of 80) on any subtest and a mean score of 45 across the five tests, with retesting allowed subject to state-level restrictions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},264064,1789377174,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":36,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},962075114765,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","3  \nThe General Educational Development (GED) Credential: History, Current Research, and Directions for Policy and Practice  \nJohn H. Tyler  \nINTRODUCTION  \nIn 2001, the number of individuals who took the tests of General Educational Development (GED) topped one million for the first time in history. Each year since 1980, between 400,000 and 500,000 individuals have passed the exams and received their GED credential. GED certificates constituted 25% of the total of regular high school diplomas plus GED certificates issued in 2001. When this figure is limited to diplomas plus certificates issued to those under the age of 19, 10% of all “school leaving”credentials issued in 2001 were GED certificates.1 In terms of numbers,  \n1 There were about 2,821,000 public and private high school diplomas issued in 2001, which is about 70% of the 17-year-old population that year. Meanwhile, there were about 266,800 GED certificates issued to individuals between the ages of 16 and 19. (Sources: GED Testing Service, 2001; National Center for Education Statistics, 2001) .  \nthe GED credential clearly has become a major component of the American education landscape.  \nThe size of the GED credentialing program can be measured in dollars as well. In fiscal year 2000–2001, federal grants to the states for adult education programs authorized by the Adult Education and Family Literacy Act of 1998 totaled more than $460 million, and these were matched by additional hundreds of millions of state dollars directed toward adult education (Office of Vocational and Adult Eduction, 2001b) . Approximately 25% of these funds were targeted to adult secondary education programs that are largely GED preparation programs provided by public high schools, community colleges, community-based organizations, prisons, and other organizations involved in adult education (Office of Vocational and Adult Eduction, 2001a) .  \nThat a credential such as the GED was conceived and given a policy arena that allowed for vigorous growth is not surprising. Especially where it concerns education, the United States is a land of second chances, and the GED is the primary second-chance route for individuals who have dropped out of our nation’s schools or landed on our shores lacking a high school diploma from their native country. This chapter tells the history of the GED and discusses factors associated with the enormous growth in the number of dropouts who hold a GED, the research regarding the impact of the credential on various outcomes, the important policy questions associated with the GED in the 21st century, and the questions that remain unanswered about this uniquely American education credential.  \nHISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE GED  \nWhat Is the GED?  \nThe GED is an examination-based credential, and as such it requires no“seat time” or enrollment in any institution or prescribed course of study. One acquires a GED by passing a series of tests, not by accumulating credits or units. The purpose of the GED program is to certify the acquisition of certain levels of knowledge in five areas: mathematics, writing, reading, social studies, and science. The examinations in the GED battery are designed to test general rather than curriculum-specific knowledge in the five areas.  \nThe GED Testing Service (GEDTS), an arm of the American Council for Education (ACE), oversees the GED testing program, producing the tests and disseminating them to state departments of education. The five tests in the GED battery take about 7 hours and 45 minutes to complete. All of the tests use a multiple-choice testing format, and the writing test also has a short essay component. There have been four generations of GED exams: the original GED tests released in 1942, the 1978 series, the 1988 series, and the current series released in January 2002.  \nThe Commission on Educational Credit and Credentials of the ACE sets minimum passing scores on the exams. Each state education agency is, however, free to set higher passin","cbCaiqvufWqQzyY8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqvufWqQzyY8","pdf",229202,"English","# Introduction\n## What Is the GED?\n## History and Development of the GED","[{\"question\":\"What is the GED credential intended to certify?\",\"answer\":\"The GED certifies acquisition of knowledge levels across five areas: mathematics, writing, reading, social studies, and science.\"},{\"question\":\"Who oversees the GED testing program and how are the tests administered?\",\"answer\":\"GED Testing Service (GEDTS), an arm of the American Council on Education (ACE), oversees the program and produces and disseminates tests, while state education agencies administer, collect, and score them.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the current passing standards and retesting rules described in the chapter?\",\"answer\":\"Since 1997, the chapter notes a minimum score of 40 (out of 80) on any subtest and a mean score of 45 across the five tests, with retesting allowed subject to state-level restrictions.\"}]","The General Educational Development (GED) Credential - History, Current Research, and Directions for Policy and Practice | PDF",101]