[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-597110-105":59,"doc-detail-597110-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","the-future-of-retirement-in-canadian-universities","The Future of Retirement inCanadian Universities","","The paper analyzes how Canadian legal and human-rights developments are moving toward eliminating fixed-age retirement in universities. It argues that courts interpreting the Canadian Charter and related human-rights legislation may produce nationwide change beginning in 1985. It outlines why retirement at 65 remains entrenched through tenure, salary schedules, and intellectual rejuvenation, while noting these justifications may fail under judicial review. It proposes institutional responses such as early retirement options, pension and benefits adjustments, and ongoing career-spanning assessment of academic staff.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-future-of-retirement-in-canadian-universities/597110/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-future-of-retirement-in-canadian-universities/597110.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Rainbow Cat","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-02","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What change in Canadian retirement policy does the paper predict?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It predicts a strong movement toward legal abolition of fixed-age retirement, with likely effects across Canada once Charter-related provisions come into force.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why has mandatory retirement at 65 remained entrenched in Canadian universities?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The paper cites tenure, the professorial pay schedule, and the perceived need for intellectual rejuvenation of the academic workforce.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What measures does the paper suggest universities consider?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It recommends considering facilitation of early retirement, modifying pension and benefit plans, and conducting more systematic assessment of academic staff throughout their careers.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},597110,1792273344,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":36,"preview_page_count":4},962090769181,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","# The Future of Retirement inCanadian Universities\n\nTHOMAS FLANAGAN*  \n## ABSTRACT\n\nThere is a strong movement toward legal abolition of fixed-age retirement inCanada.Quebec passed a special statute for that purpose in 1982.Human rightslegislation has been interpreted to that effect in Manitoba and is tending in thatdirection in New Brunswick.Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights andFreedoms will probably have the same result for all of Canada,once it comesinto effect on April 17,1985.This poses a novel challenge to Canadian univer-sities,for retirement of professors at 65 is well entrenched.Several factorsjustifythe existing practice,including the institution of tenure,the professorial payschedule,and the need for intellectual rejuvenation.However,the arguments areunlikely to prevail against judicial interpretation of the Charter and of humanrights legislation.Thus universities should now consider the ramifications.Possible measures include facilitation of early retirement,modification ofpension and benefit plans,and more systematic assessment of academic staffthroughout their entire careers.  \n## RESUMÉ\n\nIl existe un fort mouvement visant a abolir I'áge legal obligatoire de la retraiteau Canada.Quebec a présente une loi spéciale a ce sujet en 1982.La loi desdroits de la personne a éte interpretee a cet effet au Manitoba et s'oriente danscette direction au Nouveau-Brunswick.La Section 15 de la Charte canadiennedes Droits et Libertes aura probablement le meme resultat pour tout le Canadalorsqu'elle prendra effet le 17 avril 1985.Cela pose un nouveau defi dans lesuniveristes canadiennes quant à la retraite des professeurs a65 ans.De nombreuxfacteurs justifient I'existence de la pratique actuelle,incluant la permanence,lesechelles de salaires et le besoin d'un rajeunissement intellectuel du corps profes-  \nsoral.Cependant,ces arguments sont peu susceptibles de Iemporter sur I'inter-pretation judiciaire de la Charte et de la loi des droits de la personne.Ainsi,lesuniversites devraient des maintenant en considerer les consequences.Les mesuresà envisager incluent la possibilite dune retraite prematuree,la modification desregimes de pension et d'avantages sociaux et une evaluation plus systématiquedu personnel academique en cours de carriere.  \nIt has become common to speak of retirement at a predetermined age as “com-pulsory”or \"mandatory retirement,\"but these terms are rather misleading(Sowell,1980:194).In very few cases is retirement at a certain age mandatedor compelled by law.It normally rests upon freely bargained collective agree-ments or upon employer policy connected with a pension plan.A fixed retire-ment age is thus usually part of a package of terms and benefits which employersand employees have found acceptable in a particular industry.Retirement at aspecified age means that the employer's obligation to employ a worker ends atthat age.Properly speaking,compulsion enters the picture only when governmentlegislates an age of retirement or forbids employers and employees to voluntarilyestablish one.Since the terms “mandatory\"and \"compulsory retirement”con-ceal the true location of coercion,this paper will use the term \"fixed retirement.\"  \nFrom small beginnings at the end of the nineteenth century,fixed retirement,usually at age 65,grew to become a major social institution following World WarII.Governments led the way by making 65 an age threshold for public pensionsand other benefits.Public and private employers fell into line by creating theirown pension schemes with payout commencing at 65.Fixed retirement andpension plans became standard policies for large employers in Canada,includinguniversities.Although there were always some who fought the imposed necessityof retirement,resistance was minor until the 1970's when “ageism”began to becompared to racism and sexism.The new climate of opinion has led to legalchanges which threaten to make fixed retirement a thing of the past for mostemployers and certainly for inst","cbCaivy5OF2IvIlA","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivy5OF2IvIlA","pdf",751895,16,"English","# ABSTRACT\n## Recent Legal Developments","[{\"question\":\"What change in Canadian retirement policy does the paper predict?\",\"answer\":\"It predicts a strong movement toward legal abolition of fixed-age retirement, with likely effects across Canada once Charter-related provisions come into force.\"},{\"question\":\"Why has mandatory retirement at 65 remained entrenched in Canadian universities?\",\"answer\":\"The paper cites tenure, the professorial pay schedule, and the perceived need for intellectual rejuvenation of the academic workforce.\"},{\"question\":\"What measures does the paper suggest universities consider?\",\"answer\":\"It recommends considering facilitation of early retirement, modifying pension and benefit plans, and conducting more systematic assessment of academic staff throughout their careers.\"}]","The Future of Retirement inCanadian Universities | PDF",1792084388]