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It outlines the three estates, including population size, privileges, exemptions, and burdens such as tithe, feudal dues, and multiple taxes on the Third Estate. It then connects economic stress and deficit spending to long- and short-term causes, linking the Enlightenment’s ideas to challenges against the divine right of kings.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-french-revolution-student-handouts/613178/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-french-revolution-student-handouts/613178.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Alex Sinclair","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-10-19",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How did absolutism affect political control in the Old Regime?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The monarch held absolute control over government, and countries were ruled by absolutism in most of Europe during the 18th century.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What distinguishes the First, Second, and Third Estates?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The First Estate consisted of high-ranking Church members; the Second Estate was nobility; the Third Estate included everyone else such as peasants, artisans, merchants, and many parish priests. Privileges and tax exemptions differed sharply among them.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What economic and philosophical ideas contributed to the French Revolution?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Economic strain included poor harvests and deficit spending, while privileged classes resisted taxation. Philosophers associated with the Enlightenment used reason and logic, questioned the divine right of kings, and sought rational principles for how governments should be formed.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},613178,1792437860,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":56,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},1099523882182,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Slide 1  \nSlide 2  \nSlide 3  \nThe French Revolution  \n© Student Handouts, Inc. [www.studenthandouts.com](www.studenthandouts.com)  \nThe Old Regime (Ancien Regime)  \n• Old Regime – socio-political system which existed in most of Europe during the 18th century  \n• Countries were ruled by absolutism – the monarch had absolute control over the government  \n• Classes of people – privileged and unprivileged  \n– Unprivileged people – paid taxes and treated badly  \n– Privileged people – did not pay taxes and treated well  \nSlide 4  \nSlide 5  \nSlide 6  \nSociety under the Old Regime  \n• In France, people were divided into three estates  \n– First Estate  \n• High-ranking members of the Church  \n• Privileged class  \n– Second Estate  \n• Nobility  \n• Privileged class  \n– Third Estate  \n• Everyone else – from peasants in the countryside to wealthy bourgeoisie merchants in the cities  \n• Unprivileged class  \nThe Three Estates  \n\n| Estate | Population | Privileges | Exemptions | Burdens |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| First | •Circa 130,000\u003Cbr>•High-ranking clergy | •Collected the tithe\u003Cbr>•Censorship of the press\u003Cbr>•Control of education\u003Cbr>•Kept records of births, deaths, marriages, etc.\u003Cbr>•Catholic faith held honored position of being the state religion (practiced by monarch and nobility)\u003Cbr>•Owned 20% of the land | •Paid no taxes\u003Cbr>•Subject to Church law rather than civil law | •Moral obligation (rather than legal obligation) to assist the poor and needy\u003Cbr>•Support the monarchy and Old Regime |\n| Second | •Circa 110,000\u003Cbr>•Nobles | •Collected taxes in the form of feudal dues\u003Cbr>•Monopolized military and state appointments\u003Cbr>•Owned 20% of the land | •Paid no taxes | •Support the monarchy and Old Regime |\n| Third | •Circa 25,000,000\u003Cbr>•Everyone else: artisans, bourgeoisie, city workers, merchants, peasants, etc., along with many parish priests | •None | •None | •Paid all taxes\u003Cbr>•Tithe (Church tax)\u003Cbr>•Octrot (tax on goods brought into cities)\u003Cbr>•Corvée (forced road work)\u003Cbr>•Capitation (poll tax)\u003Cbr>•Vingtiéme (income tax)\u003Cbr>•Gabelle (salt tax)\u003Cbr>•Taille (land tax)\u003Cbr>•Feudal dues for use of local manor’swinepress, oven, etc. |\n\nSlide 7  \nSlide 8  \nSlide 9  \nWhat does this contemporary political cartoon say about conditions in France under the Old Regime?  \nSlide 10  \nSlide 11  \nSlide 12  \nEconomic Conditions under the Old Regime  \n• France’s economy was based primarily on agriculture  \n• Peasant farmers of France bore the burden of taxation  \n• Poor harvests meant that peasants had trouble paying their regular taxes  \n– Certainly could not afford to have their taxes raised  \n• Bourgeoisie often managed to gather wealth  \n– But were upset that they paid taxes while nobles did not  \nFrance Is Bankrupt  \n• The king (Louis XVI) lavished money on himself and residences like Versailles  \n• Queen Marie Antoinette was seen as a wasteful spender  \n• Government found its funds depleted as a result of wars  \n– Including the funding of the American Revolution  \n• Deficit spending – a government spending more money than it takes in from tax revenues  \n• Privileged classes would not submit to being taxed  \nSlide 13  \nSlide 14  \nSlide 15  \nPhilosophy of the French Revolution: The Enlightenment (Age of Reason)  \n• Scientists during the Renaissance had discovered laws that govern the natural world  \n• Intellectuals – philosophes – began to ask if natural laws might also apply to human beings  \n– Particularly to human institutions such as governments  \n– Philosophes were secular in thinking – they used reason and logic, rather than faith, religion, and superstition, to answer important questions  \n– Used reason and logic to determine how governments are formed  \n• Tried to figure out what logical, rational principles work to tie people to their governments  \n– Questioned the divine right of kings  \nSlide 16  \nSlide 17  \nSlide 18  \nLong-and Short-term Causes  \n• Long-term causes  \n– Also known as underlying causes  \n– Causes which can stem back ","cbCaisvynrcPYIzl","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisvynrcPYIzl","pdf",1041398,"English","# The Old Regime (Ancien Regime)\n## Society under the Old Regime\n# Economic Conditions under the Old Regime\n## France Is Bankrupt\n# Philosophy of the French Revolution: The Enlightenment (Age of Reason)\n# Long-and Short-term Causes\n## Long-term Causes of the French Revolution\n## Short-term Causes of the French Revolution\n# Preparing for the Estates-General","[{\"question\":\"How did absolutism affect political control in the Old Regime?\",\"answer\":\"The monarch held absolute control over government, and countries were ruled by absolutism in most of Europe during the 18th century.\"},{\"question\":\"What distinguishes the First, Second, and Third Estates?\",\"answer\":\"The First Estate consisted of high-ranking Church members; the Second Estate was nobility; the Third Estate included everyone else such as peasants, artisans, merchants, and many parish priests. Privileges and tax exemptions differed sharply among them.\"},{\"question\":\"What economic and philosophical ideas contributed to the French Revolution?\",\"answer\":\"Economic strain included poor harvests and deficit spending, while privileged classes resisted taxation. Philosophers associated with the Enlightenment used reason and logic, questioned the divine right of kings, and sought rational principles for how governments should be formed.\"}]","The French Revolution - Student Handouts | PDF",1792384907,48]