[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-114595-en":3,"doc-seo-114595-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},114595,1374391975076,"Riley","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000253ca4ec9f6853?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1783305029341752051",8,"Research & Report","The French Revolution - A Political History","A Political History traces the French Revolution through interconnected political actors and pivotal institutional turning points from the Estates-General to the National Assembly. The narrative follows reform drives, constitutional experiments, and escalating conflict as events polarize France and reshape governance. Central episodes include radicalization in Paris, major trials, the rise and fall of Robespierre, and the Thermidorian Reaction, culminating in a synthesized chronology of command and key scholarly notes.","THE FRENCH REVOLUTION  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nTHE FRENCH REVOLUTION A Political History  \nJOHN HARDMAN  \nYALE UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW HAVEN AND LONDON  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nPublished with assistance from the Annie Burr Lewis Fund.  \nCopyright © 2025 John Hardman  \nAll rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press) without written permission from the publishers.  \nAll reasonable efforts have been made to provide accurate sources for all images that appear in this book. Any discrepancies or omissions will be rectified in future editions.  \nFor information about this and other Yale University Press publications, please contact:  \nU.S. Office: [sales.press@yale.edu yalebooks.com](sales.press@yale.edu yalebooks.com)  \nEurope Office: [sales@yaleup.co.uk sales@yaleup.co.uk](sales@yaleup.co.uk sales@yaleup.co.uk)  \nSet in Adobe Caslon Pro by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd  \nPrinted and bound in the UK using 100% renewable electricity at CPI Group (UK) Ltd  \nLibrary of Congress Control Number: 2025935741  \nA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.  \nAuthorized Representative in the EU: Easy Access System Europe, Mustamäe tee 50, 10621 Tallinn, Estonia, [gpsr.requests@easproject.com](gpsr.requests@easproject.com)  \n[ISBN 978-0-300-28268-9](ISBN 978-0-300-28268-9)[ ](ISBN 978-0-300-28268-9)[eISBN 978-0-300-28590-1](eISBN 978-0-300-28590-1)  \n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nTo Alan Peachment  \nTo the memory of my brother, Richard Hardman [OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nCONTENTS  \nPen Portraits of Seven Protagonists  \nMap  \nIntroduction  \n1  Royal Revolution Manqué  \n2  Metamorphosis: From Estates-General to National Assembly  \n3 ‘A New France Very Promptly Regenerated’: The Central Reforms of the National Constituent Assembly (August–September 1789)  \n4 The Revolution Takes a Wrong Turning: The October Days  \n5 The King, the Queen and the Politicians  \n6 The Flight to Varennes Polarizes France  \n7 The Legislative Assembly  \n8  Girondins and Montagnards: Paris against the Provinces, 10 August 1792–2 June 1793  \n9 The Great Show Trials  \n10  Robespierre’s Red Summer  \n11 The Fall of Robespierre  \n12 The Thermidorian Reaction  \nConclusion  \nChains of Command Chronology  \nNotes  \nBibliography  \nList of Illustrations Index  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nPEN PORTRAITS OF SEVEN PROTAGONISTS  \nA ll seven of these lives can be followed in the book to their deaths –  \nthe comte de Mirabeau and Calonne alone died in their beds. The inclusion of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette is obvious. CharlesAlexandre de Calonne’s 1787 reform package started the whole thing off. Maximilien Robespierre played an important role over most of the period (1789–94) and indeed his death on 27 July 1794 traditionally marks the end of the revolution. The complex and powerful character of Georges Danton embodies many of the ambiguities of the revolution but also the compassion which often seems so absent from it. Finally come two analysts whose lives ended in failure but who painted a picture of what might have been: Mirabeau and Antoine Barnave, who was both the first theoretician of the revolution – sometimes seen as a proto-Marxist – and also one of the leading players in the constitutional monarchy and the man who by secret correspondence with Marie-Antoinette tried to govern France at the end of 1791.  \nCharles-Alexandre de Calonne (20 January 1734–30 October 1802)  \nThough Calonne was to appear only briefly on the revolutionary stage, he started the process, and without him there would not have been a revolution – or not the one we know. For noble and clerical reaction to the programme of reform that Calonne presented to the Assembly of Notables in 1787 so entrenched the powers of the first and second estates that it would t","cbCainBfnCeOYQXh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainBfnCeOYQXh","pdf",9670481,1,383,"English","en",105,"# Contents\n## Pen Portraits of Seven Protagonists\n## Map\n## Introduction\n## Chapters 1-12\n## Conclusion\n## Chains of Command Chronology\n## Notes\n## Bibliography\n## List of Illustrations\n## Index","[{\"question\":\"How does the book structure its account of the French Revolution?\",\"answer\":\"It combines an introduction, a sequence of 12 chronological chapters, and a set of pen portraits of seven principal figures, followed by a conclusion, chronology, notes, bibliography, and indexes.\"},{\"question\":\"Which events or phases are highlighted in the chapter outline?\",\"answer\":\"The outline emphasizes the early constitutional transformation from the Estates-General to the National Assembly, the October Days, the flight to Varennes, the Legislative Assembly, factional conflict in 1792–1793, major show trials, Robespierre’s period, and the Thermidorian Reaction.\"},{\"question\":\"What role do individuals play in this political history?\",\"answer\":\"The pen portraits portray leading protagonists and explain how their choices, failures, and political ambiguities are intertwined with the revolution’s institutional shifts and turning points.\"}]",1785401447,965,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":27},"the-french-revolution-a-political-history","",{"@graph":35,"@context":84},[36,53,67],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-french-revolution-a-political-history/114595/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-30",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"How does the book structure its account of the French Revolution?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"It combines an introduction, a sequence of 12 chronological chapters, and a set of pen portraits of seven principal figures, followed by a conclusion, chronology, notes, bibliography, and indexes.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"Which events or phases are highlighted in the chapter outline?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"The outline emphasizes the early constitutional transformation from the Estates-General to the National Assembly, the October Days, the flight to Varennes, the Legislative Assembly, factional conflict in 1792–1793, major show trials, Robespierre’s period, and the Thermidorian Reaction.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"What role do individuals play in this political history?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"The pen portraits portray leading protagonists and explain how their choices, failures, and political ambiguities are intertwined with the revolution’s institutional shifts and turning points.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":86,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":88,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":91},[92,96,100,104,109,114,119,122,127,130,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":101,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":105,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]