[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-382028-105":59,"doc-detail-382028-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","the-fight-against-the-carcinogenic-epstein-barr-virus-gut-microbiota-natural-medicines-and-beyond","The Fight against the Carcinogenic Epstein-Barr Virus - Gut Microbiota, Natural Medicines, and Beyond","","Despite advances in oncology, cancer remains a major global health burden, responsible for about 10 million deaths in 2020. A third of cancer cases in developing countries are linked to microbial infections, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is associated with infectious mononucleosis but can also drive malignancies. No vaccines or antiviral drugs are available for EBV prophylaxis or treatment. This review synthesizes mechanistic and clinical evidence for gut microbial metabolites and natural medicines targeting EBV, highlighting short-chain fatty acids, bacteriocins, and multiple dietary bioactive compounds and proposing future research directions.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-fight-against-the-carcinogenic-epstein-barr-virus-gut-microbiota-natural-medicines-and-beyond/382028/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-fight-against-the-carcinogenic-epstein-barr-virus-gut-microbiota-natural-medicines-and-beyond/382028.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"OmBimo","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why is EBV considered important in cancer development?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"EBV infections are generally self-limited, but EBV is reported to be responsible for around 200,000 malignancies worldwide each year, linking viral infection to carcinogenesis.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Are there vaccines or antiviral drugs for EBV prophylaxis or treatment?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The review states that currently there are no vaccines or antiviral drugs specifically available for the prophylaxis or treatment of EBV infection.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How do gut microbiota-related metabolites influence EBV activity?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The review reports that gut microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids can activate the EBV lytic cycle, while bacteriocins produced by Enterococcus durans strains show antiviral properties.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},382028,1790497753,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},962090893581,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Review  \nThe Fight against the Carcinogenic Epstein-Barr Virus: Gut Microbiota, Natural Medicines, and Beyond  \nRadwa A. Eladwy 1, Hang Thi Vu 2, Ravi Shah 1, Chun Guang Li 1, Dennis Chang 1 and Deep Jyoti Bhuyan 1, *  \nCitation: Eladwy, R.A.; Vu, H.T.; Shah, R.; Li, C.G.; Chang, D.; Bhuyan, D.J. The Fight against the Carcinogenic Epstein-Barr Virus: Gut Microbiota, Natural Medicines, and Beyond. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 1716 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)ijms24021716  \nAcademic Editors: Kamalendra Singhand Christian Lorson  \nReceived: 8 November 2022  \nRevised: 8 January 2023  \nAccepted: 11 January 2023  \nPublished: 15 January 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia  \n2 Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam  \n* Correspondence: [d.bhuyan@westernsydney.edu.au](d.bhuyan@westernsydney.edu.au); Tel.: +61-2-9685-4748  \nAbstract: Despite recent advances in oncology, cancer has remained an enormous global health burden, accounting for about 10 million deaths in 2020 . A third of the cancer cases in developing counties are caused by microbial infections such as human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), and hepatitis B and C viruses. EBV, a member of the human gamma herpesvirus family, is a double-stranded DNA virus and the primary cause of infectious mononucleosis. Most EBV infections cause no long-term complications. However, it was reported that EBV infection is responsible for around 200,000 malignancies worldwide every year. Currently, there are no vaccines or antiviral drugs for the prophylaxis or treatment of EBV infection. Recently, the gut microbiota has been investigated for its pivotal roles in pathogen protection and regulating metabolic, endocrine, and immune functions. Several studies have investigated the efficacy of antiviral agents, gut microbial metabolites, and natural products against EBV infection. In this review, we aim to summarise and analyse the reported molecular mechanistic and clinical studies on the activities of gut microbial metabolites and natural medicines against carcinogenic viruses, with a particular emphasis on EBV. Gut microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids were reported to activate the EBV lytic cycle, while bacteriocins, produced by Enterococcus durans strains, have shown antiviral properties. Furthermore, several natural products and dietary bioactive compounds, such as curcumin, epigallocatechingallate, resveratrol, moronic acid, and andrographolide, have shown antiviral activity against EBV. In this review, we proposed several exciting future directions for research on carcinogenic viruses.  \nKeywords: oncogenic viruses; Epstein-Barr virus; gut microbiota; natural products; short-chain fatty acids; gut metabolites  \n1. Introduction  \nCancer has remained a serious concern and is the second leading cause of death worldwide [1] . The transformation of normal cells into neoplasm as a result of external stimuli, including physical carcinogens (such as UV), chemical carcinogens (such as asbestos), and biological carcinogens (such as viral and bacterial infections), can lead to various cancers [2] . The early link between cancer and viral infections was studied in chickens in 1910 by the Nobel Laureate Peyton Rous [3] . Since then, several viruses with their oncogenic mechanisms have been discovered. To date, eight oncogenic viruses (both RNA and DNA viruses) have been identified, which can induce cancer by different mechanism","cbCaijm8rNFNWA1D","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijm8rNFNWA1D","pdf",2049890,23,"English","# Introduction\n## Oncogenic viral infections and cancer burden\n# EBV and clinical relevance\n## Gut microbiota and antiviral potential\n# Natural medicines and gut microbial metabolites\n## Short-chain fatty acids and bacteriocins\n## Dietary bioactives against EBV\n# Future research directions","[{\"question\":\"Why is EBV considered important in cancer development?\",\"answer\":\"EBV infections are generally self-limited, but EBV is reported to be responsible for around 200,000 malignancies worldwide each year, linking viral infection to carcinogenesis.\"},{\"question\":\"Are there vaccines or antiviral drugs for EBV prophylaxis or treatment?\",\"answer\":\"The review states that currently there are no vaccines or antiviral drugs specifically available for the prophylaxis or treatment of EBV infection.\"},{\"question\":\"How do gut microbiota-related metabolites influence EBV activity?\",\"answer\":\"The review reports that gut microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids can activate the EBV lytic cycle, while bacteriocins produced by Enterococcus durans strains show antiviral properties.\"}]","The Fight against the Carcinogenic Epstein-Barr Virus - Gut Microbiota, Natural Medicines, and Beyond | PDF",1790248638,58]