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It describes chemical neurotransmitters, emphasizing acetylcholine in mammalian systems and distinguishing excitatory from inhibitory synapses. The piece highlights experiments by Sir John Eccles on cat motoneurons, measuring membrane potential changes, critical thresholds for firing nerve impulses, and ionic movements across the neuron membrane, including sodium and potassium behavior.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-fabulous-synapse-exciting-the-motoneuron-ionic-trans-membrane-migrations/322668/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-fabulous-synapse-exciting-the-motoneuron-ionic-trans-membrane-migrations/322668.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ezra","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the synaptic cleft and why is it important?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The synaptic cleft is the small space between a presynaptic knob and the postsynaptic membrane. Nerve impulses trigger transmitter release into this cleft, enabling chemical communication between neurons.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which chemical transmitter is highlighted in the mammalian central nervous system?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Acetylcholine is described as the only known chemical transmitter substance that occurs in the mammalian central nervous system. An enzyme called acetylcholinesterase breaks it down after it has served its purpose.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do excitatory synapses cause a motoneuron to fire?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Excitatory synapses make the membrane potential shift in a positive direction. The motoneuron fires only after enough excitatory synapses raise the membrane potential to a critical value, producing a characteristic spike wave.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},322668,1790279976,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1099514068035,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","THE  \nSCIENCES  \n# ALSO IN THIS ISSUE\n\nTHE NATURE OF ENDOTOXINSOF METEORS AND ANTI-MATTERULTRASONICS IN MEDICINETHE ELECTRIC EEL  \nCHEMICAL PALEOGENETICSEXPLORING THE SYNAPSE  \nVol.5,No.6,November,1965  \n个HE human central nervous system,which consists of the brainand cninlcord directe andcoordinatec the many bodily otand spinal cord,directs and coordinates tne many bodily actiV1-ties which enable man to adapt to his environment.This extraordi-narily complex system contains about 10 billion nerve cells.  \nLike other living cells,nerve cells,or neurons as they are called,have both cytoplasm and a nucleus,and are enclosed in a cell mem-brane.Neurons differ from other cells in that some of the cytoplasm,enveloped by cell membrane,is drawn out from the body of the cellinto slender,thread-like processes,called nerve fibers.In addition tomany short,branched fibers,called dendrites,each central nervoussystem neuron has one long fiber,called the axon.  \nThe single axon fiber divides,near its end,into many small fila-ments which terminate at the dendrites,or bodies of other nerve cells.Such points of contact between the axon's terminal fibers and anotherneuron are called synapses.Through synapses,information maycome to one neuron from as many as 100 or more other neurons.Inturn,this neuron may transmit information in the form of brief elec-trical waves,called nerve impulses,by way of its axon to a hundred ormore other neurons.  \n# THE FABULOUS SYNAPSE\n\nIf one could peer into the central nervous system at a singleneuron,its body and dendrites would appear to be studded with tinyknobs,where the filaments of many axons-each terminating in abulbous swelling-come into contact with the neuron.The contact isactually not complete.There is a space between each synaptic knoband the post-synaptic membrane-that is,the membrane of the “re-  \n1  \nceiving”neuron.This space,or synaptic cleft,measures about 200angstrom units,or roughly almost three times the thickness of eachof the two membranes separated by it.  \nNerve impulses coursing along the axon cease abruptly at thesynapse.The nerve impulses,it seems,stimulate the synaptic knobto discharge into the synaptic cleft packets of a chemical transmittersubstance.Each packet contains a few thousand molecules of thetransmitter substance.These molecules quickly traverse the cleft andimpinge upon the post-synaptic membrane.  \nAcetylcholine is the only chemical transmitter substance knownto occur in the mammalian central nervous system.An enzyme,called acetylcholinesterase,breaks down this transmitter substanceafter it has served its purpose.There may well be other chemicaltransmitters.For it is now known that there are two kinds of synapses,excitatory and inhibitory,in the central nervous system.Stimulationof the receiving cell at excitatory synapses tends to make it fire animpulse.Stimulation at inhibitory synapses tends to prevent firing.  \n# ExCITING THE MoTONEURON\n\nIn order to find out more about what happens to a nerve cellwhen it is bombarded with transmitter substance at excitatory syn-apses,Sir John Eccles(Australian National University,Canberra)selected the motoneurons of the cat for special study.He told anAcademy Conference on Recent Progress in Biological Membranesabout these investigations and what they disclosed.(Sir John Eccleswas a Nobel Prize winner in Medicine and Physiology in 1963,andwas this year named an Honorary Life Member of The New YorkAcademy of Sciences.)  \nMotoneurons are situated in well-delineated portions of the graymatter of the brain and spinal cord.Motoneuron axons,which leavethe central nervous system and terminate on skeletal muscle fibers,convey nerve impulses which stimulate muscle contraction.  \nAccording to Sir John Eccles,the electrical potential of the moto-neuron-measured by means of a special electrode which,when in-serted directly into the body of the cell,does not modify its functions-is 70 millivolts,the interior of the cell being negative with respectto the ","cbCaidFWIeuOECin","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidFWIeuOECin","pdf",1332121,32,"English","# THE FABULOUS SYNAPSE\n## ExCITING THE MoTONEURON\n## IONIC TRANS-MEMBRANE MIGRATIONS","[{\"question\":\"What is the synaptic cleft and why is it important?\",\"answer\":\"The synaptic cleft is the small space between a presynaptic knob and the postsynaptic membrane. Nerve impulses trigger transmitter release into this cleft, enabling chemical communication between neurons.\"},{\"question\":\"Which chemical transmitter is highlighted in the mammalian central nervous system?\",\"answer\":\"Acetylcholine is described as the only known chemical transmitter substance that occurs in the mammalian central nervous system. An enzyme called acetylcholinesterase breaks it down after it has served its purpose.\"},{\"question\":\"How do excitatory synapses cause a motoneuron to fire?\",\"answer\":\"Excitatory synapses make the membrane potential shift in a positive direction. The motoneuron fires only after enough excitatory synapses raise the membrane potential to a critical value, producing a characteristic spike wave.\"}]","THE FABULOUS SYNAPSE - Exciting the Motoneuron - Ionic Trans-Membrane Migrations | PDF",1789963265,81]