[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-137725-105":59,"doc-detail-137725-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","the-expertise-of-perception-how-experience-changes-the-way-we-see-the-world","The Expertise of Perception - How Experience Changes the Way We See the World","","How does experience change the way perception works? This Element examines perceptual expertise by focusing on specialists who recognize objects such as birds, automobiles, and dogs. It argues that expertise supports a downward shift in object recognition, enabling experts to identify domain objects at a more specific level than novices. Evidence is drawn from recognition performance and brain mechanisms in real-world experts, as well as cognitive and neural changes during training and experience.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-expertise-of-perception-how-experience-changes-the-way-we-see-the-world/137725/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-expertise-of-perception-how-experience-changes-the-way-we-see-the-world/137725.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Cipher","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-20","2026-08-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the Element study about perceptual expertise?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It studies how expertise alters perception by examining how specialists recognize objects more precisely than novices, and how this interacts with experience.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What is the downward shift hypothesis?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It proposes that perceptual expertise produces a downward shift in object recognition, so experts identify objects in their domain at a more specific level than novices.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the book connect expertise acquisition to cognitive and neural changes?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It traces the cognitive and neural changes that occur as a person moves from novice to expert through training and experience.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},137725,1787439015,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144},687208528416,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Perception  \nThe expertise of Perception  \nJames W. Tanaka and Victoria Philibert  \nISSN 2515-0502 (online)  \n[https://doi.org/10.1017/9781](https://doi.org/10.1017/9781)108919616 Published online by Cambridge University Press ISSN 2515-0499 (print)  \n[https://doi.org/10.1017/9781](https://doi.org/10.1017/9781)108919616 Published online by Cambridge University Press  \nElements in Perception  \nedited by  \nJames T. Enns  \nThe University of British Columbia  \nTHE EXPERTISE OF PERCEPTION  \nHow Experience Changes the Way We See the World  \nJames W. Tanaka  \nUniversity of Victoria  \nVictoria Philibert  \nUniversity of Toronto  \n[https://doi.org/10.1017/9781](https://doi.org/10.1017/9781)108919616 Published online by Cambridge University Press  \nUniversity Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA  \n477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia  \n314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025, India  \n103 Penang Road, \\#05–06/07, Visioncrest Commercial, Singapore 238467 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.  \nIt furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.  \n[www.cambridge.org](www.cambridge.org)  \nInformation on this [title:](title: www.cambridge.org/9781108826419)[ www.cambridge.org/9781108826419](title: www.cambridge.org/9781108826419)[ ](title: www.cambridge.org/9781108826419)DOI: 10. 1017/9781108919616  \n© James W. Tanaka and Victoria Philibert 2022  \nThis publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.  \nFirst published 2022  \nA catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.  \nISBN 978-1-108-82641-9 Paperback  \nISSN 2515-0502 (online)  \nISSN 2515-0499 (print)  \nCambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.  \n[https://doi.org/10.1017/9781](https://doi.org/10.1017/9781)108919616 Published online by Cambridge University Press  \nThe Expertise of Perception How Experience Changes the Way We See the World  \nElements in Perception  \nDOI: 10.1017/9781108919616 First published online: February 2022  \nJames W. Tanaka  \nUniversity of Victoria  \nVictoria Philibert  \nUniversity of Toronto  \nAuthor for correspondence: James W. Tanaka,[jtanaka@uvic.ca](jtanaka@uvic.ca)  \nAbstract: How does experience change the way we perceive the world? This Element explores the interaction between perception and experience by studying perceptual experts, people who specialize in recognizing objects such as birds, automobiles, and dogs. It proposes perceptual expertise promotes a downward shift in object recognition where experts recognize objects in their domain of expertise at a more specific level than novices. To support this claim, it examines the recognition abilities and brain mechanisms of real-world experts. It discusses the acquisition of expertise by tracing the cognitive and neural changes that occur as a novice becomes an expert through training and experience. Next, it looks “under the hood” of expertise and examines the perceptual features that experts bring to bear to facilitate their fast, accurate, and specific recognition. The final section considers the future of human expertise as deep learning models andartificial intelligence compete with human experts in medical diagnosis.  \nKeywords: perceptual expertise, vision, downward shift hypothesis, face recognition, the holistic hypothesis, cognitive neuroscience, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), artificia","cbCainKK9BfmKkRb","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainKK9BfmKkRb","pdf",2480868,82,"English","# Introduction: How Experience Changes the Way We See the World\n# The Basic Level Category As the Entry Point of Visual Recognition\n# The Downward Shift Hypothesis\n# Everyday, Developmental, and Neurodivergent Expertise\n# Perceptual Expertise in the Laboratory\n# Cognitive Mechanisms: Attention, Encoding, and Short-Term Memory\n# Face Recognition and the Holistic Hypothesis\n# Global and Local Processing\n# Diagnostic Features: Color and Spatial Frequency\n# Neural Substrates: EEGs and the N170 Component\n# Convolutional Neural Networks: The New “Artificial” Expert\n# Wrapping Up and Concluding Thoughts","[{\"question\":\"What does the Element study about perceptual expertise?\",\"answer\":\"It studies how expertise alters perception by examining how specialists recognize objects more precisely than novices, and how this interacts with experience.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the downward shift hypothesis?\",\"answer\":\"It proposes that perceptual expertise produces a downward shift in object recognition, so experts identify objects in their domain at a more specific level than novices.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the book connect expertise acquisition to cognitive and neural changes?\",\"answer\":\"It traces the cognitive and neural changes that occur as a person moves from novice to expert through training and experience.\"}]","The Expertise of Perception - How Experience Changes the Way We See the World | PDF",207]