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It explains how robotic surgery has addressed limitations of traditional minimally invasive methods, describes the role of robotic surgery in plastic and reconstructive surgery, and outlines key developments expected from artificial intelligence in surgical workflows. It also contextualizes adoption trends and specialty-specific training factors influencing uptake.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-evolution-of-digital-surgery-and-the-role-of-the-surgeon-review-article/434377/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-evolution-of-digital-surgery-and-the-role-of-the-surgeon-review-article/434377.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Alex Sinclair","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does the article describe the evolution of digital surgery over time?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It traces digital surgery from earlier stages through the rise of robotic surgery and looks ahead to future directions shaped by technology.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What limitations of traditional minimally invasive surgery does robotic surgery address?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It highlights improved precision and visualization, helping overcome obstacles associated with procedures such as laparoscopy.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why has adoption of robotic systems been slower in plastic and reconstructive surgery?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The article links slower adoption to training pathways and the specialty’s historical emphasis on skin manipulation and superficial structures, which made open techniques and less minimally invasive methods more practical.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},434377,1790767960,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":41,"preview_page_count":4},1099523882182,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","JPRAS Open 47 (2025) 21–32  \nContents lists available at ScienceDirect  \nJPRAS Open  \njournal [homepage:](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jpra)[ www.elsevier.com/locate/jpra](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jpra)  \n| Review Article\u003Cbr>The evolution of digital surgery and the role of the surgeon\u003Cbr>Jesse C. Selbera,∗, Forrest Bohler a, Syena Moltajib\u003Cbr>a Department of Plastic Surgery, Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital, 3601 W 13 Mile Rd, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073, United States\u003Cbr>b The Division of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, 5th Floor Suite 508, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P5, Canada |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| a r t i c l e i n f o |  | a b s t r a c t |\n| Article history:\u003Cbr>Received 10 September 2025\u003Cbr>Accepted 11 September 2025\u003Cbr>Available online 12 September 2025 |  | This article outlines the evolution of digital surgery, tracing its trajectory from past to present and into the future. The authors discuss the rise of robotic surgery, the role of robotic surgery within plastic surgery, and the future of artificial intelligence in surgery.\u003Cbr>© 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license\u003Cbr>([http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)) |\n| Key Words:\u003Cbr>Digital surgery Robotic surgery Artificial intelligence\u003Cbr>Robotic microsurgery Augmented reality Plastic surgery |  |  |\n\nPart 1: The rise of robotic surgery  \nMinimally invasive surgery has long been desirable due to its association with reduced morbidity.1–5 However, laparoscopy, though mastered by some, has inherent limitations in precision and visualization.6–8 Robotic surgery has eliminated many of these obstacles, enabling the full spectrum of intra-abdominal and intrathoracic procedures to be performed with a minimally invasive approach.9–11  \nAs William Gibson famously said,“The future is already here; It’s just not evenly distributed.”12 This sentiment perfectly encapsulates the state of surgical technology. While laparoscopy will remain relevant for straightforward intra-abdominal procedures in low-resource environments, robotic systems are becoming increasingly dominant (Figure 1).13 , 14 With over 7000 robotic systems in circula-  \n∗ Corresponding author.  \nE-mail addresses: [jesse.selber@corewellhealth.org](jesse.selber@corewellhealth.org) (J.C. Selber), [syena.moltaji@medportal.ca](syena.moltaji@medportal.ca) (S. Moltaji).  \n[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpra.2025.09.015](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpra.2025.09.015)  \n2352-5878/© 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license  \n([http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/))  \nJ.C. Selber, F. Bohler and S. Moltaji JPRAS Open 47 (2025) 21–32  \nFigure 1. Trends in surgical approaches.  \ntion and more than 10 million robotic procedures performed globally, it’s evident that robotic surgery is supplanting laparoscopy in many regions.15 , 16 Just as it took the automobile 10 years to overtake the horse and buggy as the primary means of transportation in American cities, we will continue to see laparoscopy co-exist with robotic surgery for years to come.  \nThis technological transformation provides the backdrop for the emergence of robotic surgery within plastic and reconstructive surgery. In transitioning from a fellowship following a categorical general surgery residency to an integrated training program, plastic surgery training has excluded general surgical skill acquisition and, by extension, minimally invasive techniques.17 , 18 Moreover, the specialty’s frequent focus on skin manipulation and superficial structures has made open approaches ","cbCainxYNfEj2Z6f","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainxYNfEj2Z6f","pdf",3228720,12,"English","# Contents lists available at ScienceDirect\n# JPRAS Open\n## The evolution of digital surgery and the role of the surgeon\n# Part 1: The rise of robotic surgery\n# Part 2: Robotic surgery in plastic and reconstructive surgery","[{\"question\":\"How does the article describe the evolution of digital surgery over time?\",\"answer\":\"It traces digital surgery from earlier stages through the rise of robotic surgery and looks ahead to future directions shaped by technology.\"},{\"question\":\"What limitations of traditional minimally invasive surgery does robotic surgery address?\",\"answer\":\"It highlights improved precision and visualization, helping overcome obstacles associated with procedures such as laparoscopy.\"},{\"question\":\"Why has adoption of robotic systems been slower in plastic and reconstructive surgery?\",\"answer\":\"The article links slower adoption to training pathways and the specialty’s historical emphasis on skin manipulation and superficial structures, which made open techniques and less minimally invasive methods more practical.\"}]","The evolution of digital surgery and the role of the surgeon - Review Article | PDF",1790668864]