[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-139265-105":59,"doc-detail-139265-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","the-emergence-of-the-universe-symmetry-breaking-and-a-modified-friedmann-equation","The emergence of the universe - Symmetry breaking and a modified Friedmann equation","","We show how a universe can emerge from symmetry breaking in a multicomponent W3 algebra, where additional components form a Jordan algebra. Symmetry breaking tied to Jordan algebras H3(C) and H3(O) over complex and octonion numbers yields an extended four-dimensional spacetime. In this framework, cosmic expansion follows a modified Friedmann equation. The work further explores how this modified dynamics may account for several puzzling cosmological observations.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-emergence-of-the-universe-symmetry-breaking-and-a-modified-friedmann-equation/139265/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-emergence-of-the-universe-symmetry-breaking-and-a-modified-friedmann-equation/139265.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Mason","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-08-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How does the document propose the universe emerges from algebraic structure?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"It proposes that a multicomponent W3 algebra undergoes symmetry breaking, with the additional components forming a Jordan algebra, leading to an emergent extended spacetime.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which Jordan algebras are central to the construction and what do they control?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The construction uses symmetry breaking related to Jordan algebras H3(C) and H3(O) over complex and octonion numbers, which drive the emergence of an extended four-dimensional spacetime.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What role does the modified Friedmann equation play in explaining observations?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The expansion of the universe is governed by a modified Friedmann equation, and the document discusses how this modified equation might explain several puzzling cosmological observations.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},139265,1787517095,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},5909887256941,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","arXiv :2601 . 10499v2 [gr-qc] 23 Jul 2026  \nJuly 24, 2026  \nThe emergence of the universe  \nJ. Ambjørna,b and Y. Watabiki c  \na The Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University  \nBlegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.  \nemail: [ambjorn@nbi.dk](ambjorn@nbi.dk)  \nb Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP)  \nRadboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands  \nc Department of Physics, Institute of Science Tokyo,  \nOh-okayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan  \nemail: [yoshiyuki.watabiki@gmail.com](yoshiyuki.watabiki@gmail.com)  \nAbstract  \nWe show how our Universe can emerge from a symmetry breaking of a multicomponent W3 algebra, where the components in addition form a Jordan algebra. We discuss how symmetry breaking related to the Jordan algebras H3 (C) and H3 (O) over the complex and octonion numbers can lead to an extended four-dimensional spacetime, where the expansion of the Universe is governed by a modified Friedmann equation. We finally discuss how this modified Friedmann equation might explain a number of puzzling cosmological observations.  \n1 Introduction  \nWe have presented models of our Universe based on an underlying theory of Jordan algebras [1, 2, 3] . The automorphism groups of the Jordan algebras suggested a picture not too dissimilar to the picture one hopes for in string theory: that onedimensional universes (in the case of string theory, strings) via interactions form the present extended universe we observe today plus a compactified space we have not yet observed. In the Jordan algebra case we denoted this mechanism “knitting”: due to the Jordan algebra structure certain of the one-dimensional universes were glued together, the interaction mediated via wormholes, themselves small one-dimensional universes. At distances larger that these small wormholes one would then observe what could be viewed as higher dimensional spacetimes. We argued that these higher dimensional spacetimes would satisfy a modified Friedmann equation that describes the observed late time cosmology well [4, 5, 6] .  \nWhile the underlying picture of “emergence of a universe looking like ours” has been discussed in detail in [2], let us nevertheless repeat aspects of this in the context of the ubiquitous “emergence” one encounters in theoretical physics. Underlying our theory is GCDT (generalized causal dynamical triangulations, see next section for a discussion) . This is a modification of non-critical string theory, and like non-critical string theory it describes how a one-dimensional universe can split in two or two onedimensional universes can merge to one. This is a kind of third quantization of 1+1 dimensional quantum gravity, and the corresponding string field theory has been formulated both for non-critical strings and GCDT [7, 8, 9, 21, 22] . The emergent nature found in non-critical string theory is of Wilsonian nature: one starts with a lattice formulation which is in no way unique, but at certain critical points one can take continuum limits, such that continuum theories of 2d quantum gravity coupled to conformal field theories will emerge. The lattice formulations of non-critical string theory were relatively closely related to underlying lattice piecewise-linear geometries, and generalizations to higher-dimensional piecewise-linear geometries were suggested, leading to “dynamical triangulated gravity”(DT gravity) where the path integral over geometries was performed by summing over higher-dimensional triangulations constructed by gluing together higher-dimensional identical simplices. A modified version, generalizing 2d CDT to higher-dimensional triangulations also exists. However, the “emergence” of continuum theories of higher-dimensional quantum gravity at critical points is still unclear (see [10] for a recent review of higherdimensional DT and CDT) . The so-called tensor models [11] and group field theories [12] represent further generalizations","cbCaicSxiYhT4m6K","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicSxiYhT4m6K","pdf",463043,36,"English","# Introduction\n## Jordan algebras and the “knitting” mechanism\n## Emergence in non-critical string theory and dynamical triangulations\n## Tensor models and group field theories\n## Relation to matrix models and higher-dimensional structures","[{\"question\":\"How does the document propose the universe emerges from algebraic structure?\",\"answer\":\"It proposes that a multicomponent W3 algebra undergoes symmetry breaking, with the additional components forming a Jordan algebra, leading to an emergent extended spacetime.\"},{\"question\":\"Which Jordan algebras are central to the construction and what do they control?\",\"answer\":\"The construction uses symmetry breaking related to Jordan algebras H3(C) and H3(O) over complex and octonion numbers, which drive the emergence of an extended four-dimensional spacetime.\"},{\"question\":\"What role does the modified Friedmann equation play in explaining observations?\",\"answer\":\"The expansion of the universe is governed by a modified Friedmann equation, and the document discusses how this modified equation might explain several puzzling cosmological observations.\"}]","The emergence of the universe - Symmetry breaking and a modified Friedmann equation | PDF",91]