[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-417400-105":59,"doc-detail-417400-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","the-effects-of-endocrine-disruptors-on-the-female-reproductive-system-review-article","The effects of endocrine disruptors on the female reproductive system - Review Article","","Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) comprise mostly synthetic substances that interfere with multiple physiological processes in humans and animals, with pronounced effects on the female reproductive system. Female reproductive function is regulated by the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis, and EDCs can act through estrogenic/antiestrogenic and androgenic/antiandrogenic pathways or by altering gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion. The review summarizes evidence for impacts including menstrual-cycle disruption, reduced fertility, infertility, miscarriage risk, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, puberty timing changes, and hormone-sensitive cancers.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-effects-of-endocrine-disruptors-on-the-female-reproductive-system-review-article/417400/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-effects-of-endocrine-disruptors-on-the-female-reproductive-system-review-article/417400.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"pixelkiddo","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"EDCs are exogenous substances that disrupt hormones involved in homeostasis, reproduction, and development through hormone-related processes such as synthesis, secretion, transport, signaling, or metabolism.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do EDCs affect the female reproductive system?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"EDCs can influence reproductive function via estrogenic/antiestrogenic and androgenic/antiandrogenic effects, or by directly affecting gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What negative health outcomes are discussed for endocrine disruptors in women?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Key outcomes include menstrual cycle disruption, decreased fertility and infertility, increased miscarriage risk, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, altered timing of puberty, and hormone-sensitive cancers.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},417400,1790786100,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46,"preview_page_count":4},962090883892,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e00115db34f3e0f11b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1790152879550218658","Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences  \n\n| Volume 55\u003Cbr>Number 7 SI-1 | Article 8 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 12-17-2025\u003Cbr>The effects of endocrine disruptors on the female reproductive system\u003Cbr>RIZA GÖKHAN BAYKAL\u003Cbr>REYHAN ERSOY\u003Cbr>Follow this and additional works at: [https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/medical](https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/medical)\u003Cbr> Part of the Medical Sciences Commons |  |\n\nRecommended Citation  \nBAYKAL, R, & ERSOY, R (2025) . The effects of endocrine disruptors on the female reproductive system. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 55 (7): 1641-1647 . [https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0144.6125](https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0144.6125)  \nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.  \nThis Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by TÜBİTAK Academic Journals. It has been accepted for inclusion in Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences by an authorized editor of TÜBİTAK Academic Journals. For more information, please contact [academic.publications@tubitak.gov.tr](academic.publications@tubitak.gov.tr)  \n\n| \u003Cbr>| Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences [http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/medical/](http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/medical/)\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>Review Article | Turk J Med Sci\u003Cbr>(2025) 55: 1641-1647 © TÜBİTAK\u003Cbr>doi:10.55730/1300-0144.6125 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n\nThe effects of endocrine disruptors on the female reproductive system  \nRıza Gökhan BAYKAL1􀁋, Reyhan ERSOY2,*􀁋  \n1  \nDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, Turkiye 2  \nDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkiye  \nReceived: 27.09.2025  Accepted/Published Online: 09.10.2025  Final Version: 17.12.2025  \nAbstract: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a diverse, comprehensive group of mostly synthetic chemicals that disrupt many physiological functions in humans and animals. EDCs are particularly disruptive to the female reproductive system. Reproductive function in women is a dynamic process regulated by the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis. EDCs show their effects on the reproductive system through estrogenic, antiestrogenic, androgenic, and antiandrogenic effects or by directly affecting gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion. Disruption in the menstrual cycle, decrease in fertility, infertility, increased risk of miscarriage, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, early or delayed puberty, and hormone-sensitive cancers can be listed as the main negative effects of endocrine disruptors on the female reproductive system. In this review, findings on the effects of the most studied EDCs, bisphenol A, phthalates, methoxychlor ethane, tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin, atrazine, per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and micro-and nanoplastics on the female reproductive system are summarized.  \nKey words: Endocrine disruptors, female reproductive system, infertility, bisphenol A, microplastics, nanoplastics  \n1. Introduction  \nThe term “endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)”was officially introduced in 1991 at the Wingspread Conference Center in Wisconsin [1] . EDCs are exogenous substances that disrupt hormones involved in homeostasis, reproduction, and development through their synthesis, secretion, transport, signaling, or metabolism. They have been detected in adipose tissue, urine, amniotic fluid, and blood. They are found in products such as flame retardants, braking fluids, and adhesives. They are used in the production of plastic food boxes, polyvinyl chloride, pacifiers, medicines, cosmetics, hydraulic fluids, printing inks, receipts, and raincoats. They are also a component of cleaning agents, air fresheners, and polyvinyl products. They can also be present in soil or plants, as well as in the smoke from burning wood. Our diet contains EDCs, which are present in vegetables, green tea, fruits, and chocolate. Some of the commonly found EDCs in the environment are shown in Table [2] .  \nAc","cbCaikyNIsddBG1i","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikyNIsddBG1i","pdf",268657,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Definition and sources of endocrine disruptors\n## Proposed mechanisms and evidence of exposure\n# Key negative effects on female reproductive health\n## Fertility, menstrual function, and developmental outcomes\n## Gynecologic disorders and hormone-sensitive cancers\n# Review scope of studied EDCs\n## Bisphenol A\n## Phthalates\n## Plastics and other EDCs","[{\"question\":\"What are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)?\",\"answer\":\"EDCs are exogenous substances that disrupt hormones involved in homeostasis, reproduction, and development through hormone-related processes such as synthesis, secretion, transport, signaling, or metabolism.\"},{\"question\":\"How do EDCs affect the female reproductive system?\",\"answer\":\"EDCs can influence reproductive function via estrogenic/antiestrogenic and androgenic/antiandrogenic effects, or by directly affecting gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion.\"},{\"question\":\"What negative health outcomes are discussed for endocrine disruptors in women?\",\"answer\":\"Key outcomes include menstrual cycle disruption, decreased fertility and infertility, increased miscarriage risk, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, altered timing of puberty, and hormone-sensitive cancers.\"}]","The effects of endocrine disruptors on the female reproductive system - Review Article | PDF",1790609077]