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Using a single-case pilot study, analyses indicate moderate-to-large effects on phonological decoding and statistically significant gains from pre-test to post-test across distal reading measures.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-effects-of-an-adult-literacy-app-on-word-decoding-abstract/589251/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-effects-of-an-adult-literacy-app-on-word-decoding-abstract/589251.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Đào","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-11","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",7,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What problem does the paper address?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Many adults in the United States struggle with sentence comprehension and reading common documents, which limits access to social participation. 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PYovanoff.ASandoval.5.3.22](http://doi.org/10.35847/DWoods.DGifford. PYovanoff.ASandoval.5.3.22) |  |\n| --- | --- |\n|  | Research Article |\n\nThe Effects of an Adult Literacy App on Word Decoding  \nDawn M. Woods, Oakland University  \nDiane B. Gifford. Southern Methodist University Paul Yovanoff, Southern Methodist University Ashley Sandoval, Southern Methodist University  \nAbstract  \nIn the United States, 16.6 million adults are unable to comprehend sentences or read common documents, thereby limiting their ability to participate in a literate society. Given the consequences of low literacy, we conducted a single-case study with adult multilingual learners to test the effectiveness of a game app, Codex: The Lost Words of Atlantis, on word decoding. The analyses of the pilot study showed moderate to large effect sizes on phonological decoding of taught and untaught words and large and statistically significant increases from pre-test to post-test on five distal reading measures . These results suggest the app may support adult multilingual learners in learning to decode common English words.  \nKeywords: adult literacy, multilingual learners, word decoding, gameplay, single-case research design  \nThe relationship between English literacy in the United States and positive social outcomes including better health, increased educational and employment opportunities, and higher wages is well established (Rothwell, 2020) . Yet,16 .6 million individuals ages 16-to 65-years-old are identified as below Literacy Level 1 by the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (Mamedova & Pawlowski, 2019) . Adults at or below Literacy Level 1 often do not have basic literacy skills supporting them to read short sentences or texts, complete common forms, or identify or make inferences from information (National Center for Education Statistics, 2017) . Furthermore, within this level, individuals who are born outside of the United States are represented twice as frequently as adults born in the United States.  \nAdults at or below Literacy Level 1 often depend on adult literacy programs to increase their reading ability. However, access to adult literacy programs is already limited, and if available, are often at capacity (ProLiteracy, 2022) . For example, in Texas, a state ranked 44 out of 50 for adult literacy (National Center for Education Statistics, 2017) and a state with a large population of residents born outside of the United States and identified as English Limited Proficient (54%) (Migration Policy Institute, 2019), 4.8 million adults need adult education programs (Texas Workforce Investment Council, 2018) . Further, the Texas Workforce Investment Council (2018) estimates that this need will increase by 80% from 2020 to 2050.  \nTo support individuals at or below Literacy Level 1  \nCorrespondence: [dawnwoods@oakland.edu](dawnwoods@oakland.edu) 22  \nto gain access to literacy instruction, a group of Texas-based researchers collaborated to develop a smartphone/tablet-based literacy app. As part of the Barbara Bush Foundation Adult Literacy XPrize Global competition, the app called Codex: The Lost Words ofAtlantis (from here, the app) was developed in 12 months and designed specifically for adult multilingual non-readers to acquire foundational English literacy skills (People ForWords, 2017) .  \nRationale for App Design The App Design  \nA smartphone or tablet provides access to reading instruction through the app. Because of this, individuals learn and practice foundational English literacy skills in private, during short time periods, and at their own pace in order to mitigate larger social structures and policies that may impact access to adult education (Biglow & Vinogradov, 2011) . In addition, research on gaming suggests that an adventure format may engage players to persist in improving upon their current performance levels (Wichadee & Pat","cbCairVKRQNBTsdF","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairVKRQNBTsdF","pdf",643833,18,"English","# Abstract\n## Background and need for adult literacy support\n## App development and design rationale\n## Gameplay and skill progression\n## Letter-sound fluency\n## Sight word fluency","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the paper address?\",\"answer\":\"Many adults in the United States struggle with sentence comprehension and reading common documents, which limits access to social participation. The study focuses on adult multilingual learners’ word decoding difficulties.\"},{\"question\":\"What app is evaluated in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The paper evaluates Codex: The Lost Words of Atlantis, a smartphone/tablet literacy app designed for adult multilingual non-readers to build foundational English literacy skills.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the app effects measured?\",\"answer\":\"A single-case study pilot design compared pre-test and post-test performance, including phonological decoding outcomes and five distal reading measures, to assess gains after gameplay instruction.\"}]","The Effects of an Adult Literacy App on Word Decoding - Abstract | PDF",1792066837,45]