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This study compared common BMSC transplantation approaches to identify the optimal strategy for cartilage repair. Results showed all routes suppressed IL-1β, iNOS, and MMP-9 while increasing SOD. Intra-articular injection produced the strongest anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, with the greatest BMSC recruitment at defect sites and improved histological cartilage regeneration.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-effect-of-multipoint-injection-strategies-of-bmscs-on-repairing-cartilage-defects-of-the-knee-joint/458362/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-effect-of-multipoint-injection-strategies-of-bmscs-on-repairing-cartilage-defects-of-the-knee-joint/458362.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Quinn Holloway","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-09","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why does the BMSC transplantation route matter for cartilage repair?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The therapeutic efficacy of BMSCs depends on how they are delivered, because different routes lead to differences in functional recovery and effectiveness at the injury site.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which transplantation approach showed the best overall outcomes?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The intra-articular injection group showed the most substantial anti-inflammatory and antioxidant improvements, the highest BMSC recruitment to the defect area, and superior cartilage regeneration on histology.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What inflammatory and antioxidant markers were assessed in the study?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The study examined pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, iNOS, and MMP-9, and assessed antioxidant activity via the key enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD).","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},458362,1790814167,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":46,"preview_page_count":4},2336474466712,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine   \n ORIGINAL ARTICLE  OPEN ACCESS   \nThe Effect of Multipoint Injection Strategies of BMSCs on Repairing Cartilage Defects of the Knee Joint  \nWang Tang1,2  | Jiaqi Li1 | Yu Dai3 | Jiaxin Liang3 | Lei Wan2  \n1Guangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Guangzhou, China | 2The Third Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University  \nof Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China | 3Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China Correspondence: Lei Wan ([gzwl@gzucm.edu.cn](gzwl@gzucm.edu.cn))  \nReceived: 8 August 2025 | Revised: 24 November 2025 | Accepted: 28 November 2025  \nKeywords: BMSCs | cartilage defects | cartilage injury | multipoint injection  \nABSTRACT  \nBone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are extensively utilised in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to their multipotent differentiation capabilities. However, the therapeutic efficacy of BMSCs is highly dependent on the transplantation route. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of commonly used BMSCs transplantation methods and identify the optimal delivery approach for cartilage repair. Our results demonstrated that all transplantation methods could significantly suppress pro-inflammatory factors, including IL-1β, iNOS, and MMP-9, while enhancing the activity of the key antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). The intra-articular injection group exhibited the most substantial anti-inflammatory and antioxidant improvements. In vivo tracking experiments revealed that BMSCs from all groups were capable of homing to the cartilage defect site at 4 weeks post-modelling. Notably, the intra-articular injection group recruited the highest number of BMSCsto the defect area. Further histological analysis indicated that the joints treated with intra-articular injection displayed superior cartilage regeneration, characterised by a smooth tissue surface and coloration closely resembling adjacent native cartilage. In conclusion, while all tested BMSCs transplantation approaches contributed to cartilage repair, intra-articular injection demonstrated the most favourable therapeutic outcomes.  \n1 | Introduction  \nArticular cartilage is a specialised form of hyaline cartilage, characterised by its absence of nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. It functions to reduce friction, bear mechanical loads, and provide cushioning during joint movement. Owing to this avascular and aneural nature, articular cartilage exhibits a severely limited capacity for self-repair following injury induced by biological factors or mechanical trauma [1, 2] . Cartilage injury triggers a progressive upregulation of various inflammatory genes associated with cartilage destruction. Key inflammatory mediators such as Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) promote the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanases, which  \ncollectively accelerate the degradation of extracellular matrix and the progression of osteoarthritis (OA) [3, 4] .  \nWith the advancement of cell-based therapies, bone marrowderived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have garnered significant attention in regenerative medicine due to their abundant availability, ease of cultivation, and favourable histocompatibility [5]. BMSCs represent a promising therapeutic resource, capable of modulating the imbalance between anabolic and catabolic processes in OA through their immunomodulatory effects and regenerative potential [6]. The therapeutic actions of BMSCs are primarily mediated through paracrine signalling. They secrete various growth factors and immunomodulatory molecules, including members ofthe TNF-β superfamily, which can counteract  \nThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \n© 2026 The Author(s). Journal of Cellular and Mole","cbCain2HcE1afM5L","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCain2HcE1afM5L","pdf",1025830,"English","# Introduction\n# Materials and Methods\n## Materials","[{\"question\":\"Why does the BMSC transplantation route matter for cartilage repair?\",\"answer\":\"The therapeutic efficacy of BMSCs depends on how they are delivered, because different routes lead to differences in functional recovery and effectiveness at the injury site.\"},{\"question\":\"Which transplantation approach showed the best overall outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"The intra-articular injection group showed the most substantial anti-inflammatory and antioxidant improvements, the highest BMSC recruitment to the defect area, and superior cartilage regeneration on histology.\"},{\"question\":\"What inflammatory and antioxidant markers were assessed in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study examined pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, iNOS, and MMP-9, and assessed antioxidant activity via the key enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD).\"}]","The Effect of Multipoint Injection Strategies of BMSCs on Repairing Cartilage Defects of the Knee Joint | PDF",1790752714]