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Low early reading skills in Indonesia remain a serious challenge, especially for children aged 5–6 who have not mastered age-appropriate early reading. Conventional approaches often reduce motivation, while engaging media are limited. Flashcards, as visual game-based learning, support interest in letters and words, strengthen image–symbol associations, and enhance visual memory and letter recognition. A one-group pretest-posttest experiment with paired sample t-test evaluates language and reading-development indicators before and after treatment.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-effect-of-flash-card-games-on-early-childrens-reading-ability/159474/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-effect-of-flash-card-games-on-early-childrens-reading-ability/159474.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Violet","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-05","2026-08-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What was the main purpose of the study?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"To determine whether flashcard games influence early children’s reading skills.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Why are flashcard games considered useful for early reading?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"They are visual, fun, and can increase interest in letters and words while strengthening the association between images and written symbols.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How was the effect of flashcard games tested?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Using a one-group pretest-posttest experimental design, followed by observation-based indicators and a paired sample t-test to assess changes before and after treatment.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},159474,1788018521,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":46},4398048950312,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/400002538284de19e3c?_k=1778320343897328908","The Effect of Flash Card Games on Early Children's Reading Ability  \nJamila, A. Zulkarnain Ali*, Pascalian Hadi Pradana  \nDepartment of Early Childhood Education Teacher Education, Universitas PGRI Argopuro, Jember, Jawa Timur, 68121, Indonesia  \n*  \nCorresponding Author: [alam.zulkarnain80@gmail.com](alam.zulkarnain80@gmail.com | Phone:)[ | Phone:](alam.zulkarnain80@gmail.com | Phone:) +6285100840508  \nABSTRACT  \nThe purpose of this study was to determine whether flashcard games influence the reading skills of young children. The problem of low reading skills in early childhood remains a serious challenge in Indonesia. Various studies and national data show that most children aged 5–6 years have not yet mastered early reading skills appropriate to their developmental stage. This condition is exacerbated by the lack of engaging learning media and the lack of innovative approaches in reading instruction. The use of conventional methods tends to make children bored and unmotivated to learn to read. Therefore, interactive, fun solutions are needed that are appropriate to the characteristics of early childhood. One potential solution is the use of game-based learning media such as flashcards. Flashcards are visual media that can increase children's interest in letters and words while also fostering the association process between images and written symbols. The use of flashcards can improve visual memory, accelerate letter recognition, and create a fun learning atmosphere. Several studies have shown that this method is effective in improving early childhood reading skills, particularly in aspects of letter recognition and early reading as a whole. This study aimed to determine the effect of flashcard games on early childhood reading skills. The method used was an experiment with a one-group pretest-posttest design. Subjects were given a pretest, then given treatment using flashcards, and then a posttest. Data collection was conducted through observation using indicators of language and reading development. Data analysis used a paired sample t-test to determine the significance of changes before and after treatment.  \nKeywords: Early childhood; flash cards; reading  \n1. INTRODUCTION  \nEarly childhood education supports the physical, cognitive, and mental maturation and development of children outside the home environment, which will influence their development in later stages (Rakesh et al., 2024; Suryana et al., 2022; Tamblyn et al., 2023) . One important aspect that needs to be developed in early childhood is language skills (Huda and Hernawati, 2024; Kholila, 2024; Tama & Oktriani, 2023) . Language skills enable children to express their thoughts using appropriate words. The language skills stage begins at age 0–1, when children begin to acquire language from their surroundings. Between ages 2 and 6, children experience rapid language development through interactions at home, school, and in the community. If children do not receive appropriate language stimulation from parents or the environment, disorders such as speech delays or difficulty expressing their feelings can occur.  \nLanguage learning in early childhood is often divided into two: language learning for communication and literacy learning (Safi’i & Harahap, 2024; Setyaningsih & Katoningsih, 2021; Tanbusai & Nasution, 2023) . Literacy learning includes reading and writing activities, which are crucial for supporting children's intellectual development. Through reading, children can cultivate their curiosity and broaden their horizons. Children with good reading skills tend to be able to express ideas and feelings and interact more effectively with their surroundings. Reading is also known as the door and window to children's knowledge. Reading is not just about recognizing letters and words; it also involves a deep thought process. This process enables children to grasp the full meaning of words, both literally and contextually. Therefore, reading is not just a visual ","cbCaivGASwLb9ZHD","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivGASwLb9ZHD","pdf",389017,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Method\n## Data Collection and Analysis\n# Results and Discussion\n# Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"What was the main purpose of the study?\",\"answer\":\"To determine whether flashcard games influence early children’s reading skills.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are flashcard games considered useful for early reading?\",\"answer\":\"They are visual, fun, and can increase interest in letters and words while strengthening the association between images and written symbols.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the effect of flashcard games tested?\",\"answer\":\"Using a one-group pretest-posttest experimental design, followed by observation-based indicators and a paired sample t-test to assess changes before and after treatment.\"}]","The Effect of Flash Card Games on Early Children's Reading Ability | PDF"]