[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-590175-105":59,"doc-detail-590175-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","the-effect-of-covid-on-oral-reading-fluency-during-the-20202021-academic-year","The Effect of COVID on Oral Reading Fluency During the 2020–2021 Academic Year","","The study examines how COVID-19 affected students’ oral reading fluency (ORF) during the 2020–2021 academic year. Using rapid ORF assessments that measure correct words read per minute, the analysis tracks within-person growth and compares it with pre-pandemic trends. Results show slower ORF growth in the first 200 days of 2020–2021 and slower growth in districts with higher shares of English language learners and students eligible for free and reduced-price lunch.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-effect-of-covid-on-oral-reading-fluency-during-the-20202021-academic-year/590175/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-effect-of-covid-on-oral-reading-fluency-during-the-20202021-academic-year/590175.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Adam","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What measure does the study use to assess reading skill during COVID?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study uses oral reading fluency (ORF), measured as the number of words correctly read per minute from a passage or text.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What effect does COVID have on ORF growth during 2020–2021?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Students showed slower ORF growth in the first 200 days of the 2020–2021 school year compared with pre-pandemic years.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which student groups are associated with slower ORF growth?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Slower ORF growth is observed in districts with higher percentages of English language learners and/or students eligible for free and reduced-price lunch.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},590175,1792171965,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":41,"preview_page_count":4},1374404737137,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","AERA Open  \nJanuary-December 2022, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 1–12 DOI: 10. 1177/23328584221120254  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)© The Author(s) 2022. [https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero](https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero)  \nThe Effect of COVID on Oral Reading Fluency During the 2020–2021 Academic Year  \nBenjamin W. Domingue  \nMadison Dell  \nDavid Lang  \nRebecca Silverman  \nJason Yeatman  \nHeather Hough  \nStanford University  \nEducation has faced unprecedented disruption during the COVID pandemic. Understanding how students have adapted as we have entered a different phase of the pandemic and some communities have returned to more typical schooling will inform a suite of policy interventions and subsequent research. We use datafrom an oral reading fluency (ORF) assessment—a rapid assessment taking only a few minutes that measures a fundamental reading skill—to examine COVID’s effects on children’s reading ability during the pandemic. We find that students in the first 200 days of the 2020–2021 school year tended to experience slower growth in ORF relative toprepandemic years. We also observe slower growth in districts with a high percentage of English language learners and/or students eligible for free and reduced-price lunch. These findings offer valuable insight into the effects of COVID on one of the most fundamental skills taught to children.  \nKeywords: achievement gap, child development, COVID, elementary schools, literacy, longitudinal studies, oral reading fluency, reading  \nIntroduction  \nBeginning in March 2020, COVID disrupted virtually every aspect of life. All students missed out on critical learning experiences during COVID, with school being virtual for the remainder of the 2019–2020 academic year (AY) anda mixture of virtual and in person the following year (with substantial variation between school districts) . Evidence is accumulating about the lasting effects of the pandemic on students’ academic development (Hamilton & Ercikan, 2022) . However, much of this evidence tends to pertain to older children (Kuhfeld, Soland, et al., 2020; Kuhfeld, Tarasawa, et al., 2020; Lewis et al., 2021; Pier et al., 2020; Pier et al., 2021) and to be based on assessments spanning abroad range of academic behaviors that may not have been amenable to at-home use, either because typical standardization and security protocols would be impossible to implement for many conventional school-based standardized tests or because assessments utilized the co-location of the teacher and the student, and adaption to virtual settings may have been challenging. Existing evidence focusing on the reading ability of students in earlier grades (i.e., Kindergarten through Grade 2) tends to examine readiness at a point in time, usually at the beginning of the AY (Amplify, 2021; Curriculum Associates, 2020; McGinty et al., 2021; Ohio Department of  \nEducation, 2021) . Here, we estimate the impact on younger learners with a specific focus on the growth in their literacy skills throughout an entire AY.  \nWe utilize a novel source of data on a critical reading skill—oral reading fluency (ORF), which measures the number of words correctly read per minute in a given passage or text (Fuchs et al., 2001)—to study the effect of the pandemic on our youngest school-age students, a group who was negatively affected by the disruptive nature of the pandemic, according to existing research (Amplify, 2021; Bielinski et al., 2020; Curriculum Associates, 2020; Huff, 2020; Lewis et al., 2021; Pier et al., 2020) . Our analysis of within-person growth complements other analyses that use different designs; given the severity of the COVID disruption to schooling, we argue that evidence derived from a variety of research designs relying on different assumptions is vital. Further, the measure we use has several appealing properties for understanding the effects of the pande","cbCaih41vfGXjueu","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaih41vfGXjueu","pdf",1445114,12,"English","# Introduction\n## Background\n# Methods and Data (ORF assessment)\n## Results and Interpretation\n# Implications for Policy and Research","[{\"question\":\"What measure does the study use to assess reading skill during COVID?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses oral reading fluency (ORF), measured as the number of words correctly read per minute from a passage or text.\"},{\"question\":\"What effect does COVID have on ORF growth during 2020–2021?\",\"answer\":\"Students showed slower ORF growth in the first 200 days of the 2020–2021 school year compared with pre-pandemic years.\"},{\"question\":\"Which student groups are associated with slower ORF growth?\",\"answer\":\"Slower ORF growth is observed in districts with higher percentages of English language learners and/or students eligible for free and reduced-price lunch.\"}]","The Effect of COVID on Oral Reading Fluency During the 2020–2021 Academic Year | PDF",1792068990]