[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-595172-105":59,"doc-detail-595172-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","the-effect-of-child-preschool-education-on-labor-force-participation-of-married-women-of-childbearing-age-research-report","The Effect of Child Preschool Education on Labor Force Participation of Married Women of Childbearing Age - research report","","China’s declining working-age population and the exhaustion of demographic dividends make increasing labor supply a critical economic issue. Enhancing preschool education—improving system optimization and expanding access to high-quality, affordable pre-primary schooling—can reduce childcare burdens and raise married women’s labor force participation. The study shows women enrolling all preschool-age children have a participation rate 1.32 times higher, and working women gain about four working hours weekly. Effects are stronger for high-income households and rural Hukou.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-effect-of-child-preschool-education-on-labor-force-participation-of-married-women-of-childbearing-age-research-report/595172/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-effect-of-child-preschool-education-on-labor-force-participation-of-married-women-of-childbearing-age-research-report/595172.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Bulrr","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-05","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does preschool education affect married women’s labor force participation?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study finds that women who enroll all preschool-age children in kindergartens have a labor force participation rate 1.32 times that of those who do not. Preschool attendance also frees mothers from childcare burdens, supporting their return to work.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What is the impact of preschool attendance on working hours?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"For working women, preschool attendance of all their children can increase working time by about four hours per week, improving time available for employment.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Do the effects differ by income level and Hukou type?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Yes. After dividing samples by household income and Hukou, preschool attendance increases employment probability more for women from high-income families and more prominently increases working hours for those with rural Hukou.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},595172,1792109531,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46,"preview_page_count":4},5909892115043,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","The Effect of Child Preschool Education on Labor Force Participation of Married Women of Childbearing Age  \nXuexuan Gao, Weifang Min  \nGraduate School of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China  \n\n| Abstract: In the context of the decline in working-age population and exhaustion of demographic dividend in China, how to increase the supply of labor has become an issue critical to economic development. Optimizing preschool education system and enhancing the accessibility of high-quality and low-cost pre-primary schooling help free married women from childcare, boost their labor force participation, and thus, augment the supply of labor. This study discovers that the labor force participation rate of women who enroll all their preschool-age children in kindergartens is 1.32 times that of those who do not do so; and that for working women, preschool attendance of all their kids can increase their working time by four hours per week. After classifying the sample according to the level of household income and type of Hukou (registered permanent residence), it finds that child preschool attendance can more significantly raise the employment probability of women from high-income families and more prominently increase working hours of those with rural Hukou.\u003Cbr>Best Evidence in Chinese Education 2023; 13(1):1671-1678.\u003Cbr>Doi: [10.15354/bece.23.ar028](10.15354/bece.23.ar028) |\n| --- |\n| How to Cite: Gao, X., & Min, W. (2023). The effect of child preschool education on labor force participation of married women of childbearing age. Best Evidence in Chinese Education, 13(1):1671-1678. |\n\nKeywords: Preschool Education, Married Women of Childbearing Age, Labor Force Participation, Working Hours  \nCorrespondence to: Weifang Min, Graduate School of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. E  \n[mail:](mail: wfmin@pku.edu.cn)[ ](mail: wfmin@pku.edu.cn)[wfmin@pku.edu.cn](mail: wfmin@pku.edu.cn)  \n[Conflict of Interests](Conflict of Interests: None.)[: None.](Conflict of Interests: None.)  \n© 2023 Insights Publisher. All rights reserved.  \nCreative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 License  \n([http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/](http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed by the Insights Publisher.  \nThe Background of the Study  \nIn the wake of the founding of the P. R. of China, the country established an equal employment system for men and women and provided a relatively complete childcare service for preschool children to retain mothers in the workforce (Shi, 1999) . Chinese women have maintained a relatively high level of labor force participation compared with their counterparts in other countries. However, the establishment of marketoriented economy as a result of the nation’s reform and opening up impaired the preschool childcare system and pre-primary education was no longer provided as public welfare, which posed negative impact on women’s employment, especially the employment of those from low-income households, and made them less competitive in the labor market (Zhu & Wang, 2005) . Researchers attempted to examine the relation between mothers’ devotion to childcare and their lower labor force participation and confirmed that mothers invest far more time and energy in taking care of the family and young kids than fathers, thus more likely to withdraw from the labor market (Xiong & Li, 2017) . As a result, married women of childbearing age in China experienced a decline in labor force participation due to the difficulty in balancing work and family; among them, those having children aged between 0 and 6 in homes were most significantly affected, with their employment rate dropping from 90.3% in 1991 to 74.9% in 2011 (Du, Zhang, & Dong, 2018) .  \nTo imp","cbCaisI8HvCXyenq","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisI8HvCXyenq","pdf",224460,"English","# The Background of the Study\n# Data and Descriptive Statistics\n## The Data Source","[{\"question\":\"How does preschool education affect married women’s labor force participation?\",\"answer\":\"The study finds that women who enroll all preschool-age children in kindergartens have a labor force participation rate 1.32 times that of those who do not. Preschool attendance also frees mothers from childcare burdens, supporting their return to work.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the impact of preschool attendance on working hours?\",\"answer\":\"For working women, preschool attendance of all their children can increase working time by about four hours per week, improving time available for employment.\"},{\"question\":\"Do the effects differ by income level and Hukou type?\",\"answer\":\"Yes. After dividing samples by household income and Hukou, preschool attendance increases employment probability more for women from high-income families and more prominently increases working hours for those with rural Hukou.\"}]","The Effect of Child Preschool Education on Labor Force Participation of Married Women of Childbearing Age - research report | PDF",1792080566]