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It investigates whether a clinical leadership and management course improves residents’ knowledge of clinical leadership competencies in Internal Medicine and General Surgery. Methods: A pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design used the Dick and Carey nine-step instructional design model and a validated self-assessment questionnaire. Results: Content validity and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha 0.956) were confirmed, and competency scores increased significantly post-instruction. Conclusion: Strengthening resident curricula in leadership is recommended.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-effect-of-a-clinical-leadership-and-management-course-on-residents-knowledge-of-clinical-leadership-competencies-study-in-internal-medicine-and-general-surgery-2021/457638/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-effect-of-a-clinical-leadership-and-management-course-on-residents-knowledge-of-clinical-leadership-competencies-study-in-internal-medicine-and-general-surgery-2021/457638.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Blue Pony","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-02","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the purpose of the clinical leadership and management course studied here?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To investigate the effect of the course on residents’ knowledge of clinical leadership competencies in Internal Medicine and General Surgery.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was the course designed and evaluated in this study?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It used the Dick and Carey nine-step instructional design model and applied a one-group pretest–posttest pre-experimental approach with a self-assessment questionnaire.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What evidence supports that the questionnaire and results were reliable?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The study confirmed content validity and verified reliability with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.956, and post-instruction scores increased significantly based on paired-sample t test results.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},457638,1790982767,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},962090760266,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Kadkhodaei etal. BMC Medical Education (2026) 26:25 BMC Medical Education  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-05804-5](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-05804-5)  \nRESEARCH Open Access  \nThe effect of a clinical leadership and management course on residents’knowledge of clinical leadership competencies in the Department of Internal Medicine and General surgery of Hazrat-e Rasul-e Akram (PBUH) Hospital in 2021  \nMonireh sadat Kadkhodaei 1, Zohreh Sohrabi 1*, Seyed Kamran Soltani Arabshahi 1, Shoaleh Bigdeli 1, Atefeh Zabihi Zazoly 1 and Mehdi Gassabi chorsi 1  \nAbstract  \nBackground Today, the growing need for efficient medical leaders has been highlighted due to the complexity of health care systems, rising costs, and attention to patient-centered care. Therefore, it is essential to design and implement curricula related to the development of the leadership skills of medical students. This study aims to investigate the effect of clinical leadership and management courses on residents’ knowledge of clinical leadership competencies in the Departments of Internal Medicine and General Surgery.  \nMethods This pre-experimental study with a one-group pretest and posttest that is conducted on residents of the Departments of Internal Medicine and General Surgery of Iran University of Medical Sciences. The Dick and Carey nine-step instructional design model was used to design, implement, and evaluate the effectiveness of the course. After translating and verifying validity and reliability, the self-assessment of clinical leadership competencies questionnaire of the NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement and Academy of Medical Royal Colleges was used as a data collection Tool in this study. The results were analyzed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistical test, parametric independent t test, and paired-sample t test.  \nResults In the present study, the content validity index and content validity ratio of the self-assessment questionnaire of clinical leadership competencies of the residents were confirmed. The reliability of the questionnaire was also verified by Cronbach’s alpha of 0.956. Moreover, after instruction, the mean scores of each dimension of clinical leadership competencies increased significantly so that the mean scores of “clinical leadership competencies”of 43 participants increased from 131/14 in the pretest to 151/186 in the posttest, and the significant value of  \n*Correspondence: Zohreh Sohrabi [Sohrabi.z@iums.ac.ir](Sohrabi.z@iums.ac.ir)  \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article  \n© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://creati](http://creati)[vecommons.org/l](vecommons.org/l)icenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.  \nKadkhodaei et al. BMC Medical Education (2026) 26:25 Page 2 of 10  \nthe paired t test was less than 0. 001, which implies that the instructional intervention had a significant impact on improving the scores of “clinical leadership competencies” of residents.  \nConclusion Considering the effect of holding leadership courses on promoting cli","cbCaisDPmAKZxvyt","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisDPmAKZxvyt","pdf",1239563,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusion\n# Background\n## Context for healthcare leadership\n## Distinction between leadership and management","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of the clinical leadership and management course studied here?\",\"answer\":\"To investigate the effect of the course on residents’ knowledge of clinical leadership competencies in Internal Medicine and General Surgery.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the course designed and evaluated in this study?\",\"answer\":\"It used the Dick and Carey nine-step instructional design model and applied a one-group pretest–posttest pre-experimental approach with a self-assessment questionnaire.\"},{\"question\":\"What evidence supports that the questionnaire and results were reliable?\",\"answer\":\"The study confirmed content validity and verified reliability with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.956, and post-instruction scores increased significantly based on paired-sample t test results.\"}]","The effect of a clinical leadership and management course on residents' knowledge of clinical leadership competencies - Study in Internal Medicine and General Surgery (2021) | PDF",1790750018,25]