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The text frames the inquiry into public utilities by first identifying the economic characteristics that make a business a public utility. It examines borderline cases and the difficulty of drawing consistent lines, noting judicial criticism and the evolving conditions under which industries operate.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-economic-prospects-of-air-transport-read-online-free/323160/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-economic-prospects-of-air-transport-read-online-free/323160.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Himbo","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-10","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main purpose of the inquiry about air transport in the text?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To determine whether air transport is subject to governmental or administrative regulation and how far that regulation may legitimately extend.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What does the author say is needed to answer the question intelligently?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Inquire first for what purpose the question is asked—here, whether air transport has the economic characteristics of regulated public utilities.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the text treat borderline cases in classifying public utilities?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It argues that borderline cases are inevitable and that courts often focus heavily on them, making consistent classification difficult as industry conditions change.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},323160,1791416088,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},687197100911,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000239b6f1da00475?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1785132997149421697","97-84081-6Watkins,Myron Webster  \nThe economic prospectsof air transport  \nWashington  \n1929  \n# COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIESPRESERVATION DIVISION\n\n          BIBLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARGET           \nORIGINAL MATERIAL AS FILMED-EXISTING BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD  \nRoproductions may not be made without permission trom Columbla University Libraries                  \n## RESTRICTIONS ON USE:\n\nTECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA  \nFILM SIZE:          35mm  \n//:1   \nIB IIB  \nREDUCTION RATIO:_  \nMAGE PLACEMENT:IA  \nDATE FILMED:                  9INITIALS:          TLMTRACKING\\#:                                                                                              24265  \nFILMED BY PRESERVATION RESOURCES,BETHLEHEM,PA.  \n# The Economic Prospects ofAir Transport\n\nBy  \nMYRON W.WATKINSPROFESSOR OF ECONOMICs,NEw YORK UNIVERSITY  \nREPRINTED FROM THE SEPTEMBER I9TH ISSUE OFPUBLIC UTILITIES FORTNIGHTLYWASHINGTON,D.C.I929  \nDA  \n0nD1,d  \n# The Economic Prospects ofAir Transport\n\nSome of the Problems Presented by the Latestand Most Spectacular of Our Public Utilities  \nBy MYRON W.WATKINSPROFESSOR OF ECONOMICS,NEW YORK UNIVERSITY  \nI  \nTHERE are many ways in whichindustries may be classified.Some,for instance,produceservices;some produce goods.Of theformer,some render personal serv-ices,as barbers;others property serv-ices,as express companies.Again,some produce raw materials,whilesome produce finished products;andof these latter,some turn out con-sumable commodities,others instru-mental equipment,or capital goods.Still again,there are extractive indus-tries,manufacturing industries,trans-port industries,and distributive orcommercial industries.Yet again,there are local industries,national in-dustries,and industries of world-widescope and activities.  \nThe number of industrial classifica-tions might be indefinitely extended,and likewise whatever major basisof classification is adopted,sub-classi-fication upon this basis may be ex-tended almost indefinitely.It is ap-parent,moreover,that different clas-sifications cut athwart one another.Yet each may serve some useful pur-pose.A classifcation that does not  \nhas no excuse for being.It becomespure taxonomy.  \nWHAT type of industry is airVY           2 T。   atransport?To this question,aswe have seen,a number of differentanswers might be given.Yet eachanswer might be correct!  \nIn order to answer the question in-telligently,and,therefore,informa-tively,it is necessary first to inquirefor what purpose the question isasked.We may say at once that thepurpose for which the question is hereput,is to determine whether the airtransport business is properly subjectto governmental,or administrative,regulation,and if so,how far suchregulation may legitimately extend.In other words,is the air transportbusiness of an economic nature whichputs it in the same category with rail-roads and telephone companies,ordoes it belong in the category of so-called\"private business?\"  \nThe inquiry naturally divides itselfinto two parts.We shall have to de-termine,first,what are the economiccharacteristics of public service in-dustries,the so-called public utilities.Secondly,it will then be necessary to  \n# PUBLIC UTILITIES FORTNIGHTLY\n\nWHAT makes a public utility apublic utility?Captious criticsof the existing scheme of utility regu-lation may be inclined to answer:  \n\"The fiat of the United States Su-preme Court.”  \nAnd in truth it does appear at timesas though purely arbitrary considera-tions determined the scope and degreeof administrative regulation of theseindustries“affected with a public in-terest.\"Even Supreme Court jus-tices have indicated in a recent state-ment that they appreciate the perti-nency of criticisms on this score.*But only the most caustic critics orembittered victims of the judicialprocess would allege that the imposi-tion of administrative regulation isthe cause,and not the effect,of anindustry being a public utility!  \nThere are,of course,border-linecases in which it does not seem possi-ble to detect any sound","cbCais2nx2hljRul","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCais2nx2hljRul","pdf",790938,14,"English","# The Economic Prospects of Air Transport\n## Classification of industries and purpose of the inquiry\n## What makes a public utility a public utility?\n## Border-line cases and judicial difficulties","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of the inquiry about air transport in the text?\",\"answer\":\"To determine whether air transport is subject to governmental or administrative regulation and how far that regulation may legitimately extend.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the author say is needed to answer the question intelligently?\",\"answer\":\"Inquire first for what purpose the question is asked—here, whether air transport has the economic characteristics of regulated public utilities.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the text treat borderline cases in classifying public utilities?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that borderline cases are inevitable and that courts often focus heavily on them, making consistent classification difficult as industry conditions change.\"}]","The Economic Prospects of Air Transport - read online free | PDF",1789964492,35]