[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-113290-en":3,"doc-seo-113290-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},113290,8796095461610,"Oliver","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c",8,"Research & Report","The Economic Impact of Deepening Trade Agreements - Research findings and estimates","This paper examines how preferential trade agreements affect economies depending on their ambition and depth. It clusters 278 agreements and 910 provisions across multiple policy areas, then estimates trade elasticities for each cluster. Using these elasticities in general-equilibrium counterfactuals for endowment economies, the study finds that deepening existing agreements can raise world trade by 3.9% and world GDP by 0.9%. Expected gains vary by initial agreement depth and regional market size.","Pub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized  \nThe World Bank Economic Review, 37(3), 2023, 366–388  \n[https://doi.org10.1093/wber/lhad005](https://doi.org10.1093/wber/lhad005)  \nArticle  \nThe Economic Impact of Deepening Trade Agreements Lionel Fontagné , Nadia Rocha, Michele Ruta, and Gianluca Santoni  Abstract  \nThis paper explores the economic impacts of preferential trade agreements, conditional on their level of ambition. It clusters 278 agreements, encompassing 910 provisions over 18 policy areas and estimates the trade elasticity for the different clusters. These elasticities are used in a series of general-equilibrium counterfactual situations for endowment economies, revealing that deepening existing agreements (the intensive margin of regional integration) could boost world trade by 3.9 percent and world GDP by 0.9 percent. The expected gains from deepening agreements within or across regions vary depending on the initial depth of agreements and the size of regional markets.  \nJEL classification: F14, F15  \nKeywords: preferential trade agreements, deep integration, structural gravity, general equilibrium  \n1. Introduction  \nThe content of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) has largely changed over time. Trade agreementsin the 1950s focused on few policy areas, mostly regulating border measures such as tariffs and quotas, and included a limited number of regulatory requirements and commitments in these areas. While many modern PTAs deal primarily with border measures, a growing number of the recent trade agreements, like the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) or the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), are “deep”—i.e. they are complex legal documents covering a large array of border and behind-the-border policies and including liberalizing commitments, transparency, enforcement, and other regulatory requirements. Despite the heterogeneous content of modern trade agreements, the large body of economic literature on PTAs mostly relies on dummy variables to identify their trade effects (Limão 2016 ) . This approach fails to capture the multidimensional nature of the depth of trade agreements and can lead to measurement error bias in assessing their economic effects.  \nLionel Fontagné (corresponding author) is an advisor to the Bank of France, a chaired professor at the Paris School of Economics, and a scientific advisor to CEPII, Paris, France; his email address is lionel.fontagne@banque-france.fr. Nadia Rocha is lead economist at the World Bank; her email address is [nrocha@worldbank.org. Michele Ruta](nrocha@worldbank.org. Michele Ruta) is deputy division chief at the International Monetary Fund; his email address [is mruta@imf.org. Gianluca](is mruta@imf.org. Gianluca) Santoni is economist at CEPII, Paris; [his email address is gianluca.santoni@cepii.fr. The views expressed in this paper are the authors](his email address is gianluca.santoni@cepii.fr. The views expressed in this paper are the authors)’ and do not necessarily reflect those of the institutions they belong to. A previous version circulated under the title “A General Equilibrium Assessment of the Economic Impact of Deep Trade Agreements.” We thank seminar participants at the World Bank Economics of Deep Trade Agreements Seminar Series and two anonymous referees for insightful comments. The data underlying this article are available on Mendeley at [https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/d63grb8csw. A supplementary online appendix is available with](https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/d63grb8csw. A supplementary online appendix is available with)[ ](https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/d63grb8csw. A supplementary online appendix is available with)[this article at](this article at The World Bank Economic Review website.)[ The World Bank Economic Review](this article at The World Bank Economic Review website.)[ website.](this article at The World Bank Economic Review website.)  \n© 2023 Internation","cbCaiujPix7vXJX0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiujPix7vXJX0","pdf",2505920,1,23,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Changes in PTA content over time\n## From dummy variables to measuring depth\n# Method and data\n## Clustering agreements and provisions\n## Estimating trade elasticities\n## General-equilibrium counterfactual analysis\n# Results and implications\n## Intensive margin of regional integration\n## Heterogeneous gains across regions","[{\"question\":\"What does the paper analyze about preferential trade agreements?\",\"answer\":\"It studies the economic impacts of preferential trade agreements conditional on how ambitious and deep they are, including provisions beyond border measures.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper measure the “depth” of trade agreements?\",\"answer\":\"It clusters 278 agreements by categorizing 910 provisions across policy areas, then estimates trade elasticities for each cluster.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the estimated effect of deepening existing agreements?\",\"answer\":\"Deepening existing agreements could increase world trade by about 3.9% and world GDP by about 0.9% in the paper’s general-equilibrium counterfactuals.\"}]",1784502305,58,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":27},"the-economic-impact-of-deepening-trade-agreements-research-findings-and-estimates","",{"@graph":35,"@context":84},[36,53,67],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-economic-impact-of-deepening-trade-agreements-research-findings-and-estimates/113290/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-19",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"What does the paper analyze about preferential trade agreements?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"It studies the economic impacts of preferential trade agreements conditional on how ambitious and deep they are, including provisions beyond border measures.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"How does the paper measure the “depth” of trade agreements?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"It clusters 278 agreements by categorizing 910 provisions across policy areas, then estimates trade elasticities for each cluster.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"What is the estimated effect of deepening existing agreements?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"Deepening existing agreements could increase world trade by about 3.9% and world GDP by about 0.9% in the paper’s general-equilibrium 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