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A retrospective cohort includes 414 OLP patients followed from 1993–2022, using established clinical and histopathological criteria. Among 297 included cases, four developed oral squamous cell carcinoma during observation. Close follow-up enabled detection at early stages, supported by DNA-image cytometry showing aneuploidy in brush biopsy specimens from suspicious cases. A surveillance program with 3–4 month check-ups and static DNA image cytometry improves identification during early intraepithelial and microinvasive phases.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-early-detection-of-malignant-transformation-of-potentially-malignant-disorders-oral-lichen-planus/365486/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-early-detection-of-malignant-transformation-of-potentially-malignant-disorders-oral-lichen-planus/365486.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"WPS_1786070896","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the purpose of this study in oral lichen planus patients?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"To evaluate whether close clinical surveillance intervals combined with oral brush biopsies can detect malignant transformations early in patients with oral lichen planus.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How were patients selected and followed in the study?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The retrospective study included 414 patients with OLP, followed long term from 1993 to 2022 using pre-established clinical and histopathological criteria.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What diagnostic findings supported early detection in suspicious cases?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Brush biopsies were performed for clinically doubtful cases, and DNA-image cytometry showed aneuploidy as a malignancy marker in the specimens.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},365486,1790716374,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},549768072016,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Article  \nThe Early Detection of Malignant Transformation of Potentially Malignant Disorders: Oral Lichen Planus  \nCamilla Lüdecke 1, Heinrich Neumann 2 and Torsten W. Remmerbach 1, *  \nAcademic Editor: I-Ta Lee  \nReceived: 19 March 2025  \nRevised: 23 April 2025  \nAccepted: 25 April 2025  \nPublished: 28 April 2025  \nCitation: Lüdecke, C.; Neumann, H.; Remmerbach, T.W. The Early Detection of Malignant Transformation of Potentially Malignant Disorders: Oral Lichen Planus. Cancers 2025, 17, 1489 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)cancers17091489  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://creativecommons.org/](https://creativecommons.org/)[ ](https://creativecommons.org/)[licenses/by/4.0/](licenses/by/4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Section of Clinical and Experimental Oral Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstraße 10-14, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;  \ncamilla.luedecke@medizin.uni-leipzig.de  \n2 Institute of Pathology, Cytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Merzenicher Straße 37, 52351 Düren, Germany; [heinrich.h.neumann@gmail.com](heinrich.h.neumann@gmail.com)  \n* Correspondence: som@uniklinik-leipzig.de  \nSimple Summary: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of close clinical surveillance intervals combined with oral brush biopsies to enable early detections of malignant transformations in patients with oral lichen planus performed in our clinic. Furthermore, we compared it to recall intervals given in the literature to be able to give a recommendation.  \nAbstract: Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of close clinical surveillance intervals combined with oral brush biopsies to enable the early detection of malignant transformations in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) performed in our oral medicine clinic. Methods: This retrospective study was carried out on 414 patients suffering from OLP, based on pre-established clinical and histopathological criteria, who received long-term follow-up between 1993–2022 (ranging from 6 months to 22.2 years) . Results: A total of 297 patients were included in this study. Four people developed an oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) during the observation period. Patients with close follow-up intervals were detected at early stages (two cases showed histologically SIN III and one patient was classified as having a pT1N0M0 tumour) . One case was dropped in the consultation hour during the COVID19 pandemic and appeared again two years later, staged as a pT3N1M0 tumour based on an OLP. Three of the cases were clinically doubtful, which led to brush biopsies. Afterwards, additional DNA-image cytometry was performed, in which all the specimens of brush biopsies showed aneuploidy as a marker for malignancy, regarding both stem line and single cell aneuploidy. Conclusions: A careful surveillance programme consisting of check-ups every 3–4 months, oral brush biopsies, and static DNA image cytometry in cytologically diagnosed doubtful or suspicious cases assures the early detection of malignant transformation in the cancer’s early intraepithelial and microinvasive stages.  \nKeywords: oral lichen planus; oral potentially malignant lesions; oral squamous cell carcinoma; DNA image cytometry; cytology; early detection  \n1. Introduction  \nLichen planus is an idiopathic immunemediated inflammatory disorder with a prevalence of around 1.01%[1](p. 818) . It is a chronic disease with periods of remission and relapse [2](p. 240) that predominantly affects middle-aged women. The disease may involve the mouth, skin, nails, hair, or genitals. Usually, oral manifestations arise bilaterally  \non the buccal mucosa. In recent papers, the reticular, plaque, and papular clinical forms are summarized as white","cbCaigoGgRQKT8Wp","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigoGgRQKT8Wp","pdf",208448,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusions\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of this study in oral lichen planus patients?\",\"answer\":\"To evaluate whether close clinical surveillance intervals combined with oral brush biopsies can detect malignant transformations early in patients with oral lichen planus.\"},{\"question\":\"How were patients selected and followed in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The retrospective study included 414 patients with OLP, followed long term from 1993 to 2022 using pre-established clinical and histopathological criteria.\"},{\"question\":\"What diagnostic findings supported early detection in suspicious cases?\",\"answer\":\"Brush biopsies were performed for clinically doubtful cases, and DNA-image cytometry showed aneuploidy as a malignancy marker in the specimens.\"}]","The Early Detection of Malignant Transformation of Potentially Malignant Disorders - Oral Lichen Planus | PDF",1790161039,23]