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Gray stresses that labor distribution, not money mechanics, determines whether supplies and transport exist, and criticizes nonessential industries and misplaced services that divert resources.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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distribution of labor in\n\nwar  \n[S.I.]  \n[19--]  \n## COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIESPRESERVATION DIVISIONBIBLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARGET\n\nORIGINAL MATERIAL AS FILMED·EXISTING BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD  \nRoproductions may not be made without permission from Columbia University Lbraries.                   \nRESTRICTIONS ON USE:  \nTECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA  \nFILM SIZE:            5mmREDUCTION RATIO:_            10:/  \nIMAGE PLACEMENT:IA  \nIB  \nIIB  \nDATE FILMED:                    5/9 INITIALS:          TLM  \nTRACKING\\#:                                                                                                22618  \nFILMED BY PRESERVATION RESOURCES,BETHLEHEM,PA.  \n0Uo  \n308  \nZ  \n0x13  \nTHE DISTRIBUTION OF LABOR IN WAR.  \nBy Edward Gray,Richmond,Va.  \nThere is something that threatens to weaken the action of theUnited States in the war even more than delay in preparationsobviously and directly military.It is industrial inertia,supportedby individual selfishness,and by false economic theory.  \nThe war is an industrial contest a'outrance,in which thereis no such thing as enough material for armies,and no possibilityof producing enough to satisfy all of the real needs of the civilianpopulations that sustain them.There are also peoples or groupswhose welfare may not affect the issue of the war,but whom wewish to help in their extremity.Some need almost everything.The widespread scarcity of supplies,almost world-wide,willnot be ended by a treaty of peace;it will continue long after thewar.At the same time there willbe a work ofreconstruction andrehabilitation wanted.  \nThe need of this will be extreme in the invaded regionsbutin all countries that have taken a large part in the war,and tosome extent in neutral countries,the strains and the forcedneglects of war will leave much need of repair.The draft on laborand materials will be heavy.We need,then,for an unknownlength of time,the utmost possible production of military sup-plies;and,for a much longer time,the utmost possible productionofthe articles essential to health,decency and sustained efficiency.We may leave out\"psychological necessities\"as fit only for theweak-kneed or the weak-minded.Our accomplishment will benearly proportionate to the amount of labor,properly distributed,that we apply to these ends.  \nOn this point we are in danger ofa money-superstition.A cur-rency is depreciated just as really,in effect,by general shrinkagein the volume of purchaseable commodities as by increase of itsown volume.We see the purchasing power of our war loansmuch below normal;it may go a good deal lower;it would dis-appear when the goods could not be produced.There is no need  \nhowever,to bring finance into the question.Labor and ma-terials are primary economic factors;money is secondary.Ifwe have the supplies and the power to transport them,we shalluse them;and if these things are created out of our own laborand materials,then the mechanism of money will arrange itself.If we lack either supplies or transportation,all the money in theworld will not help us.Labor must create these things.Laborwill measure our effort—labor properly applied and distributed,confined to the serious ends to be achieved—that,and that only.And it is our own labor we must use:first,because we must useall the labor ue can command;and,next,because there is nowno large reserve of labor elsewhere that our capital could draw toeffective war use,even if we should try to spend our income onluxuries and live on our capital  \nIn the face of these obvious facts—too obvious,one would say一we goon making andselling soft drinks,chewinggum,confectionery,cigarettes,canes,jewelry,furs—a thousandunnecessarythings—andat hotels we are beset by funkeys offering useless services.Any-one can extend this list;let him only observe,in any city,whatpart of its various activities is directed to furnishing non-essen-tials,taking into account,in due measure,all of the supportingor undelying industries,the construction o","cbCaimSJWQVpJkoa","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimSJWQVpJkoa","pdf",304071,"English","# The distribution of labor in war\n## Industrial inertia and selfishness\n## War as an industrial contest\n## Labor, materials, and the role of money\n## Nonessential industries and wasted services\n## Labor shortage and interdependent industries\n## Transportation and the redistribution of labor","[{\"question\":\"What does Edward Gray say threatens U.S. war action more than military delay?\",\"answer\":\"He points to industrial inertia, supported by selfishness and false economic theory, as a major threat beyond preparation delays.\"},{\"question\":\"How does Gray describe what war requires economically?\",\"answer\":\"He describes war as an industrial contest where producing enough for both armies and the civilian populations sustaining them is crucial.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does Gray argue money matters less than labor and materials?\",\"answer\":\"He claims labor and materials are primary economic factors; if supplies and transport can be created from domestic labor and materials, money’s mechanism will follow, but money cannot substitute for missing supplies or transportation.\"}]","The distribution of labor in war | PDF",1789970647,18]