[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-465523-105":59,"doc-detail-465523-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","the-diagnostic-performance-of-a-four-gene-digital-droplet-pcr-panel-for-urine-liquid-biopsy-in-urothelial-bladder-cancer","The Diagnostic Performance of a Four-Gene Digital Droplet PCR Panel for Urine Liquid Biopsy in Urothelial Bladder Cancer","","Background: Urothelial bladder carcinoma (UBC) lacks robust non-invasive laboratory biomarkers. Urine liquid biopsy has emerged as a promising approach for diagnosis and surveillance. Objective: Evaluate the diagnostic potential of a urinary tumor DNA detection panel targeting eight point mutations in TERT, GPR126, FGFR3, and PIK3CA for UBC. Methods: ddPCR on whole urine from 88 histologically confirmed UBC cases and 72 controls. Results: Sensitivity 78.4%, specificity 100% (AUC-ROC 0.892); tumor DNA features increased MAFs with tumor size; other clinical factors were not associated. Conclusions: Further validation may support clinical diagnostic use.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-diagnostic-performance-of-a-four-gene-digital-droplet-pcr-panel-for-urine-liquid-biopsy-in-urothelial-bladder-cancer/465523/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-diagnostic-performance-of-a-four-gene-digital-droplet-pcr-panel-for-urine-liquid-biopsy-in-urothelial-bladder-cancer/465523.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Kyle","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What clinical need does this study address in urothelial bladder carcinoma (UBC)?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study targets the lack of robust non-invasive laboratory biomarkers for UBC. It evaluates urine liquid biopsy as a diagnostic and surveillance tool.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was the urine tumor DNA detected and analyzed?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Whole urine specimens were used for DNA extraction, followed by ddPCR analysis using the Bio-Rad QX200 AutoDG ddPCR system.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What diagnostic performance did the four-gene ddPCR panel achieve?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The panel showed 78.4% sensitivity and 100% specificity, with AUC-ROC of 0.892. Mutation detection rates varied across TERT, GPR126, FGFR3, and PIK3CA.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},465523,1791069533,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},3985741905716,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","Article  \nThe Diagnostic Performance of a Four-Gene Digital Droplet PCR Panel for Urine Liquid Biopsy in Urothelial Bladder Cancer  \nMark Jain 1, *, Alexander Tivtikyan 1, Dmitry Kislyakov 1, Tagir Rakhmatullin 1, David Kamalov 1,  \nVladislav Kokarev 2, Lolita Vorobeva 2, Larisa Samokhodskaya 1, Maria Zvereva 3 and Armais Kamalov 1  \nAcademic Editors: Qiang Lv and Xiao Yang  \nReceived: 17 October 2025  \nRevised: 19 December 2025  \nAccepted: 22 December 2025  \nPublished: 24 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 University Clinic, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; [aleksandertivtikyan@yandex.ru](aleksandertivtikyan@yandex.ru) (A.T.); [dakislyakov@gmail.com](dakislyakov@gmail.com) (D.K.); [tagir.rakhmatullin@internet.ru](tagir.rakhmatullin@internet.ru) (T.R.); [davidffm@gmail.com](davidffm@gmail.com) (D.K.); [slm61@mail.ru](slm61@mail.ru) (L.S.); [priemnaya@mc.msu.ru](priemnaya@mc.msu.ru) (A.K.)  \n2 Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; [kokarev.vladislav01@bk.ru](kokarev.vladislav01@bk.ru) (V.K.); [v.lolita04@yandex.ru](v.lolita04@yandex.ru) (L.V.)  \n3 Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; [mzvereva@chem.msu.ru](mzvereva@chem.msu.ru)  \n* [Correspondence: mjain@mc.msu.ru](Correspondence: mjain@mc.msu.ru); Tel.: +7-916-574-46-84  \nAbstract  \nBackground: Urothelial bladder carcinoma (UBC) is a disease that lacks robust non-invasive laboratory biomarkers. Recently, urine liquid biopsy has emerged as a promising tool for diagnosis and surveillance of patients with these tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic potential of a urinary tumor DNA detection panel, which included eight common point mutations in TERT, GPR126, FGFR3, and PIK3CA genes, in UBC. Methods: The study included patients with histologically confirmed UBC (n = 88) and patients with cystitis, bladder leiomyomas, or other non-malignant conditions (control group; n = 72) . DNA was extracted from whole urine specimens. ddPCR analysis was performed using the Bio-Rad QX200 AutoDG ddPCR system. Results: Urinary tumor DNA detection panel demonstrated a sensitivity of 78.4% and a specificity of 100%(AUC−ROC = 0.892) . Detection rates for the analyzed mutations were the following: 54.5%, 37.5%, 28.4%, and 38.6% for TERT, GPR126, FGFR3, and PIK3CA, respectively. Pairwise comparisons of mutant allele fractions (MAFs) for samples simultaneously positive for ≥2 mutations revealed an absence of significant differences (p > 0.05), except for the pair of FGFR3 vs. PIK3CA (p = 0.03) . MAFs were not associated with any clinical and demographic features (p > 0.05), with the only exception being the tumor size: patients with tumors larger than 2.16 cm3 had higher MAFs than the rest (23.4 [1.8; 46.3] vs. 1.6 [0; 24.6]%, respectively, p = 0.02) . Conclusions: Upon further validation, the presented tumor DNA detection panel for ddPCR might become a useful tool for diagnostic purposes in UBC.  \nKeywords: liquid biopsy; urothelial cancer; bladder cancer; cell-free DNA; mutations; urine; TERT; GPR126; FGFR3; PIK3CA  \n1. Introduction  \nBladder cancer (BC) is the most frequent oncological disease of the urinary tract [1] . Recent Global Cancer Statistics report revealed that this cancer ranks 9th in incidence and 13th in mortality worldwide [2] . It is projected that by 2040 that annual BC cases and deaths will increase by 73% and 87%, respectively, highlighting the urgent need to develop new diagnostic and treatment approaches to tackle its growing global burden [3] . This oncological disease is approximately four times more frequent in men, which is largely  \nexplained by its main risk factors: tobacco smoking and occupational exposure to aromatic amines and hydrocarbons (dye","cbCaierRa8jLIPqW","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaierRa8jLIPqW","pdf",4845551,15,"English","# Abstract\n## Background and Aim\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusions\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What clinical need does this study address in urothelial bladder carcinoma (UBC)?\",\"answer\":\"The study targets the lack of robust non-invasive laboratory biomarkers for UBC. It evaluates urine liquid biopsy as a diagnostic and surveillance tool.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the urine tumor DNA detected and analyzed?\",\"answer\":\"Whole urine specimens were used for DNA extraction, followed by ddPCR analysis using the Bio-Rad QX200 AutoDG ddPCR system.\"},{\"question\":\"What diagnostic performance did the four-gene ddPCR panel achieve?\",\"answer\":\"The panel showed 78.4% sensitivity and 100% specificity, with AUC-ROC of 0.892. Mutation detection rates varied across TERT, GPR126, FGFR3, and PIK3CA.\"}]","The Diagnostic Performance of a Four-Gene Digital Droplet PCR Panel for Urine Liquid Biopsy in Urothelial Bladder Cancer | PDF",1790769733,38]