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Updated data examine French university students and, for the first time, German students using a questionnaire (N=953) plus five-month tracking of three participants. Findings reveal substantial inter- and intraindividual variability, supporting OILE as a complex, nonlinear development process in informal online contexts.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-development-of-complexity-accuracy-and-fluency-in-l2-written-production-through-informal-participation-in-online-activities-article/595649/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-development-of-complexity-accuracy-and-fluency-in-l2-written-production-through-informal-participation-in-online-activities-article/595649.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Well Done","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does OILE research focus on in this article?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It studies how nonnative English speakers interact with English in informal online leisure settings and how these interactions relate to L2 development.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What data sources are used to examine students' OILE habits and development?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"A questionnaire of OILE habits is analyzed (N=953), and development in complexity, accuracy, and fluency is tracked for three individual participants over five months.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What do the results suggest about L2 development through OILE?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The results show large inter- and intraindividual variation, indicating that L2 development should be viewed as complex and nonlinear, particularly in informal online contexts.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},595649,1792165314,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},5909892210082,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/56001069da27c9f41e8?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1789614185077863061","calico journal (online) issn 2056–9017  \nArticle  \nThe Development of Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency in L2 Written Production through Informal Participation in Online Activities  \nMeryl Kusyk  \nAbstract  \nResearch into the online informal learning of English (OILE) examines how nonnative speakers of English may develop L2 skills through participation in leisure activities on the Internet in the target language. Such activities include, e.g., watching television series, films, or videos, interacting on Facebook, reading articles, or listening to music. Recent OILE studies have focused on students at French universities and have sought to both inventory language users’ online participation habits and track their L2 development (Kusyk & Sockett, 2012; Sockett, 2011, 2014; Sockett & Kusyk, 2015; Toffoli & Sockett, 2015). This article provides updated OILE participation data on French students and, for the first time, German university students. In order to increase awareness about current OILE practices, results of a questionnaire (N = 953) of OILE habits are presented. In addition, development in complexity, accuracy, and fluency of three individual study participants was tracked over a period of five months. Results show a great deal of inter-and intraindividual variation, highlighting the need to consider L2 development as a complex and nonlinear process, especially when analyzed within an online, informal context.  \nKeywords: online informal learning of English (OILE); second language development; L2 written production; case studies; Dynamic Systems Theory; usage-based language learning; CAF  \nAffiliation  \nUniversity of Strasbourg, University of Education Karlsruhe. email: [kusykmeryl@stud.ph-karlsruhe.de](kusykmeryl@stud.ph-karlsruhe.de)  \ncalico journal vol 34.1 2017 75–96 ©2017, equinox publishing  \ndoi : 10.1558/cj.29513  \n76 The development of complexity, accuracy and fluency  \nIntroduction  \nThe Online Informal Learning of English  \nThe online informal learning of English (OILE) is a field of research that seeks to investigate the ways in which nonnative speakers (NNSs) of English interact in and with English in an informal, online context, as well as the impact that these interactions may have on NNSs’ second language (L2) development. Toffoli and Sockett (2010) coined the term OILE and have carried out initial research primarily within a French context, with university students as the main population examined. They define OILE as the participation by NNSsin a wide variety of leisure activities that involve the exposure to and/or use of English, in the absence of any externally imposed structure or timetable (Toffoli & Sockett, 2010) . Such activities include, for instance, watching television series, movies, and videos, reading articles and forums, listening to music, or interacting on Facebook. Toffoli and Sockett consider that these activities may have an impact on NNSs’ knowledge and use of English, but that they may have no awareness of this impact.  \nTo date, OILE studies have primarily addressed two research questions:  \n1. What are the nature and frequency of OILE interactions?  \n2. How does participation in OILE impact participants’ L2 development?  \nToffoli and Sockett (2010) address the first research question in an article reporting on a survey of more than 200 students at the University of Strasbourg. Initially unsure of both the scope of OILE aswell as the specific activities engaged in, the researchers discovered that more than 54% of students surveyed listened to English (through series, films, or music) more than once per week, while 18% read in English more than once per week (primarily content on Facebook).  \nKusyk and Sockett (2012) attend to the second research question in a study on vocabulary knowledge in which they compared frequent (one hour per week or more) and nonfrequent viewers of online television series. In two different groups tested (either heterogeneous or homogeneous with regard to","cbCaiq4gQNCvlPcK","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiq4gQNCvlPcK","pdf",658417,22,"English","# Introduction\n## The Online Informal Learning of English\n## Theoretical Framework\n### Usage-based Language Learning","[{\"question\":\"What does OILE research focus on in this article?\",\"answer\":\"It studies how nonnative English speakers interact with English in informal online leisure settings and how these interactions relate to L2 development.\"},{\"question\":\"What data sources are used to examine students' OILE habits and development?\",\"answer\":\"A questionnaire of OILE habits is analyzed (N=953), and development in complexity, accuracy, and fluency is tracked for three individual participants over five months.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the results suggest about L2 development through OILE?\",\"answer\":\"The results show large inter- and intraindividual variation, indicating that L2 development should be viewed as complex and nonlinear, particularly in informal online contexts.\"}]","The Development of Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency in L2 Written Production through Informal Participation in Online Activities - Article | PDF",1792081552,55]