[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-308799-105":59,"doc-detail-308799-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","the-cost-of-interrupted-work-more-speed-and-stress","The Cost of Interrupted Work - More Speed and Stress","","Empirical research investigates whether interruption context changes task performance. Results show context itself has no significant effect, yet participants complete interrupted tasks faster without quality loss. This compensation increases negative outcomes, including greater stress, frustration, time pressure, and effort. Personality-related differences also matter: openness to experience and need for personal structure predict disruption costs. The findings inform system design to better support interrupted work with strategies that reduce adverse effects.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-cost-of-interrupted-work-more-speed-and-stress/308799/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-cost-of-interrupted-work-more-speed-and-stress/308799.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ophelia","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-05","2026-09-20",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",22,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Does interruption context change task performance?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The study finds interruption context does not significantly change results. Despite that, participants complete interrupted tasks faster with no difference in quality.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What costs are associated with interruptions in the study?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Although tasks are finished faster, interruptions lead to higher stress, more frustration, greater time pressure, and increased effort.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which personality factors predict disruption costs?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Openness to experience and need for personal structure both predict disruption costs, indicating individual differences in how people manage interruptions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},308799,1790269445,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":19,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":52,"preview_page_count":4},7971461741311,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/74000253aff267980c6?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779345379180704826","The Cost of Interrupted Work: More Speed and Stress  \nGloria Mark Department of Informatics University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA, U. S.A. 92697 [gmark@ics.uci.edu](gmark@ics.uci.edu)  \nDaniela Gudith and Ulrich Klocke Institute of Psychology Humboldt University Berlin, Germany  \n[daniela.gudith@gmail.com](daniela.gudith@gmail.com), [klocke@rz.hu-berlin.de](klocke@rz.hu-berlin.de)  \nABSTRACT  \nWe performed an empirical study to investigate whether the context of interruptions makes a difference. We found that context does not make a difference but surprisingly, people completed interrupted tasks in less time with no difference in quality. Our data suggests that people compensate for interruptions by working faster, but this comes at a price: experiencing more stress, higher frustration, time pressure and effort. Individual differences exist in the management of interruptions: personality measures of openness to experience and need for personal structure predict disruption costs of interruptions. We discuss implications for how system design can support interrupted work.  \nAuthor Keywords  \nMulti-tasking, interruptions, experiment, context  \nACM Classification Keywords  \nH5 . Information interfaces and presentation: H.5.2 User  \nInterfaces: Theory and Methods  \nINTRODUCTION  \nThe role of interruptions in the workplace has begun to receive a lot of attention in HCI in the last few years. Empirical studies have focused on identifying the extent of interruptions and how they affect tasks [6], the recovery of tasks after an interruption [3, 9], and timing of interruptions, e.g. [1] . Spurred on by these field and laboratory studies systems have been developed to help people manage interruptions (e.g. [3] . Yet as more studies in multi-tasking and interruptions emerge, so do conflicting ideas on how interruptions might affect work.  \nINTERRUPTIONS AND CONTEXT  \nIn a field study of managers, Hudson et al. [8] reported that interruptions might be beneficial. Other lab and diary study results have described them as detrimental [1, 3] . Mark et al. [10] on the other hand discovered that interruption  \neffects might be more nuanced: in a field study their informants reported that interruptions of the same context as the current task were beneficial, whereas interruptions of a different context than the current task were disruptive.  \nWe decided to investigate the different perspectives raised by these studies. Interruptions during the course of the workday might be of the same context as the current task at-hand or they might be random, related to other topics. If indeed interruptions as the same context as the task at-hand are beneficial, then this has important implications for system design. For example, systems might be designed to help colleagues gear their interruptions to others so as match the context of their tasks.  \nWe were interested in measuring the disruption cost of interruptions. One type of a disruption cost is the additional time to reorient back to an interrupted task after the interruption is handled. These previous studies introduce conflicting notions as to whether the interruption context is related to a disruption cost. For example, one might be working on a paper and be interrupted by a completely different topic, such as a question about a budget. If an interruption has a different context than the current task athand, this could introduce a disruption cost as it involves a cognitive shift of context to attend to the interruption, and then one must reorient back to attend to the interrupted task. On the other hand, one might be interrupted by a question that concerns the same context as the paper one is working on. This might be beneficial but if the context of the interruption and primary task are similar, this could lead to interference with the primary task [5] and in this way may introduce a disruption cost. A third possibility is that the interruption context may not matter. Perhaps any discontinuity ","cbCaibV79Mdpz2xY","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibV79Mdpz2xY","pdf",269479,"English","# ABSTRACT\n# INTRODUCTION\n# INTERRUPTIONS AND CONTEXT\n## Field and laboratory findings\n## Disruption costs and stress\n## Personality and customization\n# EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND PROCEDURE","[{\"question\":\"Does interruption context change task performance?\",\"answer\":\"The study finds interruption context does not significantly change results. Despite that, participants complete interrupted tasks faster with no difference in quality.\"},{\"question\":\"What costs are associated with interruptions in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Although tasks are finished faster, interruptions lead to higher stress, more frustration, greater time pressure, and increased effort.\"},{\"question\":\"Which personality factors predict disruption costs?\",\"answer\":\"Openness to experience and need for personal structure both predict disruption costs, indicating individual differences in how people manage interruptions.\"}]","The Cost of Interrupted Work - More Speed and Stress | PDF",1789872395]