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Dynamic 4D video stereophotogrammetry at 60 fps generates dense 3D sequences, with a generic mesh and partial ordinary Procrustes analysis producing asymmetry scores at rest, maximum smile, and maximum mathematical asymmetry. Results show higher scores at maximum smile, and a strong correlation (r = 0.941, P \u003C .001) linking static 3D asymmetry to dynamic 4D measures, supporting 4D objective assessment.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-correlation-between-static-and-dynamic-facial-asymmetry-in-unilateral-cleft-lip-and-palate/409049/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-correlation-between-static-and-dynamic-facial-asymmetry-in-unilateral-cleft-lip-and-palate/409049.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Lucas 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Lip and Palate  \nChristopher Wright, BDS, MOrth RCSEd, MScR 1, Philip Benington, BDS, FDS (Orth) RCS (Edin), MSc 1, Xiangyang Ju, BEng, MEng, PhD2  ,  \nToby Gillgrass, BDS, MSc, FDS Orth3 , Craig Russell, MA, MB, BChir3, and Ashraf Ayoub, FDSRCS, FDSRCPS, PhD4   \nThe Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal 2026, Vol. 63(2) 210‐217  \n© 2024, American Cleft Palate Craniofacial Association  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[DOI: 10.1177/10556656241298143](DOI: 10.1177/10556656241298143)[ ](DOI: 10.1177/10556656241298143)[journals.sagepub.com/home/cpc](journals.sagepub.com/home/cpc)  \nAbstract  \nObjective: Assess the relationship between static and dynamic facial asymmetry in unilateral cleft lip and palate during maximum smile.  \nDesign: Retrospective cross-sectional study.  \nSetting: Multidisciplinary dentofacial planning clinic.  \nParticipants: Thirty-one surgically managed non-syndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate patients between the ages of 13 to 17 years.  \nMaterials and Methods: Dynamic three-dimensional (3D) facial images (four-dimensional [4D]) throughout the course of a maximum smile were captured using video stereophotogrammetry at a rate of 60 frames per second, which generated 180 3D images/expression. A generic facial mesh containing more than 7000 vertices was superimposed onto the 3D facial images to quantify and track facial asymmetry throughout the captured sequence. Partial ordinary Procrustes analysis was utilized to calculate an asymmetry score at the rest position, maximum smile, and at the point of maximum mathematical asymmetry. The relationships between the asymmetry at rest and the asymmetry at the point of maximum smile (static 3D), and the maximum mathematical asymmetry (dynamic 4D) were evaluated.  \nResults: Asymmetry scores were higher at maximum smile than at rest. Maximum mathematical asymmetry was observed in most cases during the relaxation phase. Static asymmetry at rest and maximum smile was strongly correlated with the maximum mathematical asymmetry (r = 0.941, P \u003C .001).  \nConclusions: Static 3D asymmetry at both rest and maximum smile are strongly correlated with dynamic 4D facial asymmetry. The use of 4D imaging, combined with generic mesh conformation and dense correspondence analysis, provides a valid objective measure of facial asymmetry.  \nKeywords  \ncraniofacial morphology, facial cleft, imaging  \nIntroduction  \nOne of the stigmas ofthe surgically managed unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) patient is the increased facial asymmetry with facial expressions. In the general population the chin tends to be the area of most notable facial asymmetry, but for cleft patients the asymmetry is more concentrated in thenasolabial region.1 This can result in social deprivation at an early age, due to teasing or bullying at school, the feeling of isolation in social situations, and difficulty in forming meaningful relationships with peers.2 Individuals may present with low self-esteem and self-worth; potentially arising from their lack of popularity at school, discrimination based on their  \n1 Orthodontic Department, Glasgow Dental Hospital & School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK  \n2 Medical Devices Unit, Department of Clinical Physics and Bioengineering, National Health Service of Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK  \n3 National Cleft Surgical Service for Scotland, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, UK  \n4 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Scottish Craniofacial Research Group, Glasgow University Dental Hospital and School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK  \nCorresponding Author:  \nAshraf Ayoub, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Scottish Craniofacial Res","cbCaifeKSHxQD4PB","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifeKSHxQD4PB","pdf",2472043,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Background and stigma in unilateral cleft lip and palate\n## Limitations of subjective grading and 2D/3D assessment\n## Need for dynamic assessment","[{\"question\":\"What question does the study address?\",\"answer\":\"The study assesses the relationship between static and dynamic facial asymmetry in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate during maximum smile.\"},{\"question\":\"How were dynamic facial asymmetry measures obtained?\",\"answer\":\"Dynamic three-dimensional facial images were captured using video stereophotogrammetry at 60 frames per second to generate 4D sequences, then quantified with a generic facial mesh and partial ordinary Procrustes analysis.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the main findings about correlation?\",\"answer\":\"Asymmetry scores were higher at maximum smile than at rest, and static 3D asymmetry at rest and maximum smile showed a strong correlation with maximum mathematical (dynamic) asymmetry (r = 0.941, P \\u003c .001).\"}]","The Correlation Between Static and Dynamic Facial Asymmetry in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate | PDF",1790581207]