[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-355686-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":80,"doc-detail-355686-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":73,"head_meta":75,"extra_data":77,"updated_unix":79},105,"en","the-complosome-an-emerging-intracellular-complement-network-in-cancer-development-and-therapy","The Complosome: An Emerging Intracellular Complement Network in Cancer Development and Therapy","","The complement system is traditionally recognized as a major effector of innate immunity, essential for pathogen clearance, inflammation and tissue homeostasis. Its role in cancer has been redefined: beyond extracellular functions, complement also regulates tumor biology within the tumor microenvironment and intracellularly via the intracellular complement system, the complosome. The complosome influences metabolism, proliferation, autophagy, stress responses and cell survival, with tumor-promoting or tumor-restraining effects depending on context. Available evidence supports the complosome as a distinct signaling network with therapeutic relevance.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-complosome-an-emerging-intracellular-complement-network-in-cancer-development-and-therapy/355686/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-complosome-an-emerging-intracellular-complement-network-in-cancer-development-and-therapy/355686.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Rizky","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-24","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":26},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"What is the complosome and how does it relate to complement biology in cancer?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"The complosome refers to an intracellular complement system that acts beyond classical extracellular complement, regulating key cellular processes in cancer. It is presented as a distinct and biologically significant signaling network rather than a simple extension of classical complement.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"How can complement signaling affect tumors differently?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"Complement signaling shows context-dependent duality, producing tumor-promoting or tumor-restraining effects. Outcomes depend on tumor type, disease stage, cellular source, and subcellular localization.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"Which cellular processes does the complosome influence?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"The complosome directly regulates fundamental cellular processes including metabolism, proliferation, autophagy, stress responses, and cell survival.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},355686,1790216130,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",[83,87,91,95,100,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":84,"show_sort_weight":85,"slug":86},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":88,"show_sort_weight":89,"slug":90},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":92,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":96,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":131},{"doc_id":78,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":111,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":26,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962085564807,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Review  \nThe Complosome: An Emerging Intracellular Complement Network in Cancer Development and Therapy  \nŁukasz Zadroga 1, Filip Lewandowski 2,3,4, Dominika B˛ebnowska 2,3,5, Adam Majchrzak 5, Alina Czy 3 and Paulina Nied´zwiedzka-Rystwej 2,3,6, *  \nAcademic Editor: Eleni Gavriilaki  \nReceived: 24 March 2026  \nRevised: 27 April 2026  \nAccepted: 29 April 2026  \nPublished: 4 May 2026  \nCopyright: © 2026 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Department of General, Dental and Interventional Radiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; [zadroga09@gmail.com](zadroga09@gmail.com)  \n2 Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; [filip.lewandowski@usz.edu.pl](filip.lewandowski@usz.edu.pl) (F.L.); [dominika.bebnowska@usz.edu.pl](dominika.bebnowska@usz.edu.pl) (D.B.)  \n3 Center for Experimental Immunology and Immunobiology in Infectious Diseases and Cancer, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; [a.czyz@opoczta.pl](a.czyz@opoczta.pl)  \n4 Doctoral School, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland  \n5 Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Acquired Immunodeficiency, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland; [adammajchrzak@proton.me](adammajchrzak@proton.me)  \n6 Regional Centre for Digital Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland  \n* [Correspondence: paulina.niedzwiedzka-rystwej@usz.edu.pl](Correspondence: paulina.niedzwiedzka-rystwej@usz.edu.pl)  \nAbstract  \nThe complement system is traditionally recognized as a major effector of innate immunity, essential for pathogen clearance, inflammation and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In recent years, however, its role in cancer has been substantially redefined. Beyond its canonical extracellular activity, complement has emerged as a multifaceted regulator of tumor biology, acting not only within the tumor microenvironment but also intracellularly through the recently described intracellular complement system (complosome) . While extracellular complement primarily shapes immune responses and the tumor microenvironment, the complosome directly regulates fundamental cellular processes, including metabolism, proliferation, autophagy, stress responses and cell survival. In this review, we discuss current evidence on the canonical and non-canonical roles of complement in cancer. Importantly, complement signaling exhibits a strong context-dependent duality, exerting either tumor-promoting or tumor-restraining effects depending on the tumor type, disease stage, cellular source, and localization. Taken together, the available evidence indicates that the complosome is not merely an extension of classical complement biology, but a distinct and biologically significant signaling network that rewrites our understanding of complement in cancer. Its growing relevance in tumor development and therapy resistance positions it as a promising target for future mechanistic studies and innovative therapeutic interventions.  \nKeywords: complosome; cancer; complement; tumor development; immune evasion  \n1. Introduction  \nMalignant tumors remain one of the diseases with the highest mortality rates in the world, and their incidence continues to rise steadily due to an aging population and lifestyle changes [1] . According to the latest calculations, there were almost 4.5 million new cases of cancer in Europe in 2022, with an age-standardized incidence and mortality rate (ASR) of 280 per 100,000 people, and a cumulative risk of developing cancer by the age of 75 of 27.9%[2] . World Health Organization (WHO) projections indicate that in 2050, the  \nnumber of new cancer cases will exceed 35 million, representing a 77% increase compared to the estimated 20 million cases in 2022 [3] . Despite enormous advances in diagnosis ","cbCaifdcU626MHB1","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifdcU626MHB1","pdf",1346513,21,"English","# Introduction\n# Complement system in innate immunity and cancer context\n# Canonical and non-canonical roles of complement","[{\"question\":\"What is the complosome and how does it relate to complement biology in cancer?\",\"answer\":\"The complosome refers to an intracellular complement system that acts beyond classical extracellular complement, regulating key cellular processes in cancer. It is presented as a distinct and biologically significant signaling network rather than a simple extension of classical complement.\"},{\"question\":\"How can complement signaling affect tumors differently?\",\"answer\":\"Complement signaling shows context-dependent duality, producing tumor-promoting or tumor-restraining effects. Outcomes depend on tumor type, disease stage, cellular source, and subcellular localization.\"},{\"question\":\"Which cellular processes does the complosome influence?\",\"answer\":\"The complosome directly regulates fundamental cellular processes including metabolism, proliferation, autophagy, stress responses, and cell survival.\"}]","The Complosome: An Emerging Intracellular Complement Network in Cancer Development and Therapy | PDF",1790120495,53]