[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-612343-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":74,"doc-detail-612343-en":124},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":67,"head_meta":69,"extra_data":71,"updated_unix":73},105,"en","the-civil-rights-movement-1960-1980-overview","The Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1980 - Overview","","The Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1980 traces how African Americans and other marginalized groups pushed for equality through both nonviolent organizing and later militancy. It covers major campaigns including sit-ins at segregated lunch counters, Freedom Rides, and the 1963 March on Washington where Martin Luther King Jr. delivered “I have a dream.” The text explains federal action under Kennedy and Johnson, landmark laws like the Civil Rights Act (1964) and Voting Rights Act (1965), subsequent violence, and later debates over implementation such as busing and affirmative action.",{"@graph":14,"@context":66},[15,34,49],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-civil-rights-movement-1960-1980-overview/612343/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"author":36,"headline":10,"publisher":39,"fileFormat":42,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":43,"datePublished":43,"encodingFormat":42,"isAccessibleForFree":44,"interactionStatistic":45},"DigitalDocument",{"name":37,"@type":38},"Pentious","Person",{"url":19,"name":40,"@type":41},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-19",true,{"@type":46,"interactionType":47,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":48},"ViewAction",{"@type":50,"mainEntity":51},"FAQPage",[52,58,62],{"name":53,"@type":54,"acceptedAnswer":55},"What strategies did African Americans use to advance equality in the early 1960s?","Question",{"text":56,"@type":57},"They pursued nonviolent direct action, including sit-ins and organized Freedom Rides, aiming to challenge segregation and force change through confrontation and media attention.","Answer",{"name":59,"@type":54,"acceptedAnswer":60},"How did federal leadership affect civil rights progress between the early 1960s and 1965?",{"text":61,"@type":57},"Events surrounding desegregation and admissions pressures led Kennedy to send federal troops and promote new civil rights legislation. Johnson then helped secure passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.",{"name":63,"@type":54,"acceptedAnswer":64},"Why did the civil rights movement change after mid-to-late 1960s?",{"text":65,"@type":57},"Militant calls for reform and urban riots emerged alongside disillusionment with nonviolence and interracial cooperation, intensified by high-profile assassinations that many saw as marking an end to an earlier era of idealism.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":68,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":40,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":70,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":72,"site_id":7},612343,1792383279,{"code":4,"msg":75,"data":76},"success",[77,81,85,89,94,99,104,108,113,116,120],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":78,"show_sort_weight":79,"slug":80},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":82,"show_sort_weight":83,"slug":84},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":86,"show_sort_weight":87,"slug":88},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":90,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":91,"show_sort_weight":92,"slug":93},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":95,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":96,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":98},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":100,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":101,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":105,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":107},8,30,"research-report",{"id":109,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":110,"show_sort_weight":111,"slug":112},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":114,"show_sort_weight":111,"slug":115},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":119},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":121,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":122,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":123},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":75,"data":125},{"doc_id":72,"user_id":126,"nickname":37,"user_avatar":127,"doc_module":4,"category_id":105,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":128,"file_id":129,"file_url":130,"file_type":131,"file_size":132,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":26,"language":133,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":134,"faqs":135,"seo_title":136,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":73,"read_time":90},1374404730887,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Name:   Date:   Class:    \nThe Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1980  \nBy 1960, the United States was on the verge of a major social change. American society had always been more open and fluid than that of the nations inmost of the rest of the world. Still, it had been dominated primarily by old-stock, white males. During the 1960s, groups that previously had been submerged or subordinate began more forcefully and successfully to assert themselves: African Americans, Native Americans, women, the white ethnic offspring of the“new immigration,” and Latinos. Much of the support they received came from a young population larger than ever, making its way through a college and university system that was expanding at an unprecedented pace. Frequently embracing “countercultural” life styles and radical politics, many of the offspring of the World War II generation emerged as advocates of a new America characterized by a cultural and ethnic pluralism that their parents often viewed with unease.  \nThe struggle of African Americans for equality reached its peak in the mid-1960s. After progressive victories in the 1950s, African Americans became even more committed to nonviolent direct action. Groups like the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), made up of African-American clergy, and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), composed of younger activists, sought reform through peaceful confrontation.  \nIn 1960 African-American college students sat down at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter in North Carolina and refused to leave. Their sit-in captured media attention and led to similar demonstrations throughout the South. The next year, civil rights workers organized \"freedom rides,\" in which African Americans and whites boarded buses heading south toward segregated terminals, where confrontations might capture media attention and lead to change.  \nThey also organized rallies, the largest of which was the \"March on Washington\" in 1963. More than 200,000 people gathered in the nation's capital to demonstrate their commitment to equality for all. The  \nhigh point of a day of songs and speeches came with the address of Martin Luther King Jr. , who had emerged asthe preeminent spokesman for civil rights. \"I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood,\" King proclaimed. Each time he used the refrain \"I have adream,\" the crowd roared.  \nThe level of progress initially achieved did not match the rhetoric of the civil rights movement. President Kennedy was initially reluctant to press white Southerners for support on civil rights because he needed their voteson other issues. Events, driven by African Americans themselves, forced his hand. When James Meredith was denied admission to the University of Mississippi in 1962 because of his race, Kennedy sent federal troops to uphold the law. After protests aimed at the desegregation of Birmingham, Alabama, prompted a violent response by the police, he sent Congress a new civil rights bill mandating the integration of public places. Not even the March on Washington, however, could extricate the measure from a congressional committee, where it was still bottled up when Kennedy was assassinated in 1963.  \nPresident Lyndon B. Johnson was more successful. Displaying negotiating skills he had so frequently employed during his years as Senate majority leader, Johnson persuaded the Senate to limit delaying tactics preventing a final vote on the sweeping Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed discrimination in all public accommodations. The next year’s Voting Rights Act of 1965 authorized the federal government to register voters where local officials had prevented African Americans from doing so. By 1968 a million African Americans were registered in the deep South. Nationwide, the number of African-American elected officials increased substantially. In","cbCaivXSmpeuuIWh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivXSmpeuuIWh","pdf",226497,"English","# The Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1980\n## From early organizing to nonviolent direct action\n## Major events: sit-ins, Freedom Rides, and the March on Washington\n## Federal enforcement and landmark legislation\n## From nonviolence to militancy and the impact of assassinations\n## Long-term legacy: courts, implementation, and policy debates","[{\"question\":\"What strategies did African Americans use to advance equality in the early 1960s?\",\"answer\":\"They pursued nonviolent direct action, including sit-ins and organized Freedom Rides, aiming to challenge segregation and force change through confrontation and media attention.\"},{\"question\":\"How did federal leadership affect civil rights progress between the early 1960s and 1965?\",\"answer\":\"Events surrounding desegregation and admissions pressures led Kennedy to send federal troops and promote new civil rights legislation. Johnson then helped secure passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.\"},{\"question\":\"Why did the civil rights movement change after mid-to-late 1960s?\",\"answer\":\"Militant calls for reform and urban riots emerged alongside disillusionment with nonviolence and interracial cooperation, intensified by high-profile assassinations that many saw as marking an end to an earlier era of idealism.\"}]","The Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1980 - Overview | PDF"]