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This paper traces the historical evolution of naturalization procedures and examines how “schoolish” tools, including tests and learning materials, were introduced to determine who may receive or be denied American citizenship. Prior research often highlights unreliability and difficulty even for native speakers. The argument frames the current civics test as a system product shaped by fraud prevention, efficiency goals, and memory-based regulation promoted by USCIS.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-civics-test-a-political-or-educational-tool-for-creating-the-perfect-citizen-a-historical-overview-of-forms-and-processes-of-naturalization-in-the-united-states/294753/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-civics-test-a-political-or-educational-tool-for-creating-the-perfect-citizen-a-historical-overview-of-forms-and-processes-of-naturalization-in-the-united-states/294753.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Rowan","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-18",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",15,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What does the paper investigate about the civics test in naturalization?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"It documents the historical development of naturalization procedures in the United States and explains how school-like tools, especially tests, were introduced to decide who can be granted or denied citizenship.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How have previous studies evaluated the civics test?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Much past research criticized the civics test for unreliability and for being difficult even for natives.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What rationale does the paper suggest for the current civics test?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"It argues the current test is a product of a system built without a solid foundation, shaped by efforts to avoid fraud and control efficiency through memory testing promoted by USCIS.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},294753,1789703955,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":36},1099514067415,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539d78ffe74a7?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779092875211072502","Encounters in Theory and History of Education Vol. 19, 2018, 205-220  \nThe civics test: a political or educational tool for creating the perfect citizen? A historical overview of forms and processes of naturalization in the United States  \nSarah Van Ruyskensvelde, PhD  \nLecturer in the History of Education Katholieke Universiteit Leuven  \nResearch Unit Education, Culture and Society  \nMary Kathryn Ketch, MSc  \nIndependent researcher  \nAbstract: Naturalization, or the process through which citizenship is granted to a foreigner, is a process that has begun to increasingly look like that of the school. In the United States, as in many other countries, one of the main features of the naturalization is the civics test. This paper aims to document the historical development of naturalization procedures in the United States and shed light on how schoolish tools were introduced to decide who can be offered or denied American citizenship. Much of past research has critiqued the civics test for its unreliability, or difficulty for even natives. We argue, however, that the current civics test is rather a product of a system that began without a solid foundation. In an attempt to avoid fraud and control efficiency, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has promoted the use of a test that devalues the importance of the choice to re-align loyalties to a country and regulatesit to memory testing.  \nKeywords: Naturalization, United States, history, civics test, immigration  \nLe test d’éducation civique: un outil politique ou pédagogique pour créer le citoyen idéal? Aperçu historique des formes et des processus de naturalisation aux États-Unis  \nRésumé : La naturalisation, ou le processus par lequel la citoyenneté est accordée à un étranger, a commencé à ressembler de plus en plus à celle de l’école. Aux Etats-Unis, comme dans denombreux autres pays, le test d’éducation civique est l’une des principales caractéristiques de la naturalisation. Cet article vise à documenter l’évolution historique des procédures de naturalisation aux États-Unis et à mettre en lumière la manière dont les outils scolaires ont été introduits afin de décider qui peut être accordé ou refusé la citoyenneté américaine. Une grande partie de la littérature antérieure a critiqué le test d’éducation civique pour son manque de fiabilité, ou sa difficulté même pour les autochtones. Nous soutenons toutefois que le test d’éducation civique actuel est plutôt le produit d’un système qui a été mis en place sans base solide. Avec le but d’éviter la fraude et de limiter l’efficacité des contrôles, le United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) ont préconisé l’utilisation d’un test qui dévalorise  \nISSN 2560-8371  \nDate of submission: 2017-12-06  \nDate of acceptance: 2018-11-26  \n[http://doi.dx.org/ 10.24908/eoe-ese-rse.v19i0.7824](http://doi.dx.org/ 10.24908/eoe-ese-rse.v19i0.7824)[ ](http://doi.dx.org/ 10.24908/eoe-ese-rse.v19i0.7824)Ó Encounters in Theory and History of Education 205  \nS. Van Ruyskensvelde & M. K. Ketch The civics text  \nl’importance du choix de réaligner les loyautés envers un pays et le régule comme examen demémorisation.  \nMots-clés: Naturalisation, États-Unis, histoire, test d’éducation civique, immigration  \nLa prueba cívica: ¿una herramienta política o educativa para crear el ciudadano perfecto? Panorama histórico de las formas y procesos de naturalización en los Estados Unidos  \nResumen : La naturalización, o el proceso a través del cual se concede la ciudadanía a los extranjeros, es un proceso que se parece cada vez más al de la escuela. En los Estados Unidos, como en muchos otros países, una de las principales características de la naturalización es el examen de educación cívica. El presente trabajo se propone documentar el desarrollo histórico de los procedimientos de naturalización en los Estados Unidos y aclarar cómo se introdujeron herramientas “escolares” a fin de decidir a quién se le puede ofrecer o negar la c","cbCaic1IG37ogwa7","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaic1IG37ogwa7","pdf",276284,16,"English","# Introduction\n## Historical development of naturalization procedures\n## Reliability and efficiency of the civics test\n## USCIS and memory-based regulation","[{\"question\":\"What does the paper investigate about the civics test in naturalization?\",\"answer\":\"It documents the historical development of naturalization procedures in the United States and explains how school-like tools, especially tests, were introduced to decide who can be granted or denied citizenship.\"},{\"question\":\"How have previous studies evaluated the civics test?\",\"answer\":\"Much past research criticized the civics test for unreliability and for being difficult even for natives.\"},{\"question\":\"What rationale does the paper suggest for the current civics test?\",\"answer\":\"It argues the current test is a product of a system built without a solid foundation, shaped by efforts to avoid fraud and control efficiency through memory testing promoted by USCIS.\"}]","The civics test: a political or educational tool for creating the perfect citizen? - A historical overview of forms and processes of naturalization in the United States | PDF"]