[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-585684-105":59,"doc-detail-585684-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","the-causes-and-consequences-of-school-violence-a-review","The Causes and Consequences of School Violence: A Review","","School violence is analyzed as a multifaceted construct covering physical assault, aggression, noncontact behaviors, bullying, fighting, robbery, unwanted sexual contact, weapon possession, and verbal threats. Although overall levels are declining, it remains a major concern for researchers, policymakers, and the public. This NIJ-commissioned report synthesizes evidence on how school violence is conceptualized and its causes and consequences, using an empirical review of 341 mean effect sizes from 55 meta-analyses and additional review of recent research methods and findings.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-causes-and-consequences-of-school-violence-a-review/585684/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-causes-and-consequences-of-school-violence-a-review/585684.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Riley West","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does the report define school violence?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It defines school violence broadly as threat or use of force intended to cause harm, either at school or during school-related activities. This includes bullying, aggression, fighting, threats, and weapons offenses.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What evidence base does the review rely on?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The report is based on an empirical review of 341 mean effect sizes from 55 meta-analyses. It also includes a supplemental review covering methods and findings from 362 recent research studies.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What types of studies were included in the systematic review of meta-analyses?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Meta-analyses were included if they were on NIJ’s website or in peer-reviewed journals, printed in English, focused mainly on K-12 students, and assessed correlates or consequences of victimization, violence, or closely related behaviors primarily in a school context.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},585684,1792209030,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1099523885074,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","U.S. Department of Justice  \nOffice of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice  \nNational Institute of Justice  \nThe Causes and Consequences of School Violence: A Review  \nJillian J. Turanovic  \nSonja E. Siennick  \nFebruary 2022  \nNCJ 302346  \nU.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs  \n810 Seventh St. N.W.  \nWashington, DC 20531  \nJennifer Scherer, Ph. D.  \nActing Director, National Institute of Justice  \nThis and other publications and products of the National Institute of Justice can be found at:  \nNational Institute of Justice Strengthen Science • Advance Justice [nij.ojp.gov](nij.ojp.gov)  \nOffice of Justice Programs  \nBuilding Solutions • Supporting Communities • Advancing Justice [OJP.gov](OJP.gov)  \nThe National Institute of Justice is the research, development, and evaluation agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. NIJ’s mission is to advance scientific research, development, and evaluation to enhance the administration of justice and public safety.  \nThe National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance; the Bureau of Justice Statistics; the Office for Victims of Crime; the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention; and the Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering, and Tracking.  \nThis paper was prepared with support from the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, under contract number GS-00F-219CA. Opinions or conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.  \nNational [Institute of Justice](Institute of Justice | NIJ.ojp.gov)[ | NIJ.ojp.gov](Institute of Justice | NIJ.ojp.gov)  \nExecutive Summary  \nThe multifaceted construct of “school violence” includes a wide variety of acts, such as physical assault and battery, physical aggression, noncontact aggression (e.g., throwing things), broadly defined externalizing behavior, bullying, fighting, robbery, unwanted sexual contact, weapon possession, and verbal threats. Although school violence is on the decline (Wang et al., 2020), it remains a significant concern for researchers, policymakers, and the general public. The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) commissioned this report, which summarizes the existing evidence on the causes and consequences of school violence, how school violence is conceptualized, and recommendations for future research. Thereport takes a comprehensive look at the state of the research on school violence and includes additional discussions about research on serious violence and studies that were funded by NIJ’s Comprehensive School Safety Initiative (CSSI). It is based on an empirical review of 341 mean effect sizes from 55 meta-analyses and a supplemental review of the methods and findings of 362 recent research studies.  \nFor the purposes of this report, school violence is defined broadly as the threat or use of force with the intention of causing harm, either at school or during school-related activities. This broad definition encompasses various forms of bullying, aggression, fighting, threats, and weapons offenses. It permitted a wide-ranging and comprehensive review of the literature and was made necessary by existing studies’ broad definitions. Some of the most commonly used measures of school violence combined violent and nonviolent acts or experiences into a single index of school offending or victimization, and many studies conceptualized bullying as a form of youth violence.  \nReview of Systematic Reviews  \nTo carry out the review of systematic reviews, meta-analyses on the sources or consequences of school violence and victimization published between January 2000 and May 2020 were assessed. To locate studies, systematic online searches were conducted in a variety of databases and academic journals. Meta-analyses were considered f","cbCaivRIyn4sLnf0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivRIyn4sLnf0","pdf",1014947,86,"English","# Executive Summary\n# Review of Systematic Reviews\n# Predictors of School Violence Perpetration","[{\"question\":\"How does the report define school violence?\",\"answer\":\"It defines school violence broadly as threat or use of force intended to cause harm, either at school or during school-related activities. This includes bullying, aggression, fighting, threats, and weapons offenses.\"},{\"question\":\"What evidence base does the review rely on?\",\"answer\":\"The report is based on an empirical review of 341 mean effect sizes from 55 meta-analyses. It also includes a supplemental review covering methods and findings from 362 recent research studies.\"},{\"question\":\"What types of studies were included in the systematic review of meta-analyses?\",\"answer\":\"Meta-analyses were included if they were on NIJ’s website or in peer-reviewed journals, printed in English, focused mainly on K-12 students, and assessed correlates or consequences of victimization, violence, or closely related behaviors primarily in a school context.\"}]","The Causes and Consequences of School Violence: A Review | PDF",1792055520,217]