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Through an extensive review of reduction policies and literature, findings show tutoring enables family reproduction of wealth and status via elite university admission, making participation a normalized social norm and producing unintended consequences.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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Reproduction?  \nSang Hoon Bae (배상훈) Sungkyunkwan University  \nKee Ho Choi (최기호) Seoul National University  \nECNU Review of Education 2024, Vol. 7(1) 12–41 © The Author(s) 2023 Article reuse guidelines:  \n[sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[DOI: 10.1177/20965311231182722](DOI: 10.1177/20965311231182722)[ ](DOI: 10.1177/20965311231182722)[journals.sagepub.com/home/roe](journals.sagepub.com/home/roe)  \nAbstract  \nPurpose: In Korea, private tutoring is considered a social evil that damages the capacity of public schooling and undermines social justice. Although the government has implemented various policies to reduce private tutoring, ranging from improving the quality of education to providing“quasi-private tutoring” programs and regulating the shadow education market, total spending on private tutoring has continued to increase. This study examines a little noticed but important cause of institutionalized private tutoring in Korea.  \nDesign/Approach/Methods: The study employed a socio-ecological perspective to analyze both education and socio-structural factors. An extensive review of the government’s private tutoring reduction policies and related literature was conducted.  \nFindings: Private tutoring functions as a means by which parents can help their children compete for admission to prestigious universities and pass on wealth and social status to their children. Participation in private tutoring has become a social norm that is taken for granted. The  \nCorresponding author:  \nSang Hoon Bae, Hoam all 506, Department of Education, Sungkyunkwan University, Humanities and Social Sciences Campus, Sungkyunkwan-ro 25-2, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03063, Korea.  \nEmail: [sbae@skku.edu](sbae@skku.edu)  \nCreative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative  \nCommons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page ([https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage](https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage)).  \nroot causes of institutionalized private tutoring lie in both educational and socio-structural factors.  \nOriginality/Value: The study suggests that government policies, when ignoring the long-established “grammar” of parents about children’s education, may either end in failure or produce unintended consequences.  \nKeywords  \nPrivate tutoring, social reproduction, unintended consequences, upward mobility Date received: 29 May 2022; revised: 28 December 2022, 5 March 2023; accepted: 19 March 2023  \nIntroduction  \nIn 1979, the Economic Planning Board announced that national private tutoring expenditures for elementary and secondary school students were 82.3 billion Korean won (KRW), equivalent to 170 million USD at 1979 exchange rates. At that time, the Korea Educational Development Institute (KEDI) provided a parallel estimate of the country’s total private tutoring expenses at about 119 billion KRW. Averaging the two, the estimated average of the total household expenditure for private tutoring may have been approximately100 billion KRW. On July 30, 1980, Korea’s National Security Emergency Council (NSEC) announced a ban on private tutoring. In 2019, the National Statistical Office (NSO) surveyed the nation’s private tutoring expenditures and found that they were 21 trillion KRW: 1.8 billion USD at 2019 exchange rates, which is more than a third of the 59 trillion KRW national government budget for elementary and secondary education in the same year. According to NSO, from 1979 to 2019, consumer prices rose about 6","cbCaiij1CODd018a","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiij1CODd018a","pdf",1434234,"English","# Abstract\n## Purpose\n## Design/Approach/Methods\n## Findings\n## Originality/Value\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"Why does private tutoring continue to grow in Korea despite government policies?\",\"answer\":\"Even with policies aiming to reduce private tutoring—such as improving public education quality, offering quasi-private programs, and regulating shadow education spending—total spending has kept increasing.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the study identify as a key cause of institutionalized private tutoring?\",\"answer\":\"Private tutoring functions as a family strategy to secure admission to prestigious universities and transfer wealth and social status, making participation a social norm.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study explain potential failures or unintended effects of policy?\",\"answer\":\"Government policies may fail or create unintended consequences when they ignore the long-established “grammar” of parents’ expectations about children’s education.\"}]","The Cause of Institutionalized Private Tutoring in Korea - Defective Public Schooling or a Universal Desire for Family Reproduction | PDF",1792092723,76]