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The study searched human literature through 31 October 2022 to identify evidence linking opium use with selected cancers, estimating meta-relative risks with random-effects models and assessing heterogeneity using I2. It included 2 prospective cohorts and 33 case-control studies, with sensitivity analyses targeting reverse causation, biases, and confounding. Results indicate an adverse association across urinary bladder, larynx, lung, oesophagus, pancreas, and stomach cancers.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-carcinogenicity-of-opium-consumption-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis/379859/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-carcinogenicity-of-opium-consumption-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis/379859.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ivy","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"What was the document’s main objective?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"To supplement the IARC qualitative hazard evaluation with an extended systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis assessing how opium consumption relates to risk for selected cancers.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"Which cancers were analyzed in the meta-analysis?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"Cancer of the urinary bladder, larynx, lung, oesophagus, pancreas, and stomach were included in the random-effects meta-analytic estimates.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"How were potential biases and confounding handled?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"Study quality was assessed and sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of reverse causation, protopathic bias, selection bias, information bias, and confounding.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},379859,1790237784,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":128,"read_time":143},549758252649,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000253669c5317157?_k=1778319167496531819","European Journal of Epidemiology (2023) 38:373–389  \n[https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-023-00969-7](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-023-00969-7)  \nThe carcinogenicity of opium consumption: a systematic review and meta‑analysis  \nAdalberto M. Filho1 · Michelle C. Turner2,3,4 · Saman Warnakulasuriya5 · David B. Richardson1,6 · Bayan Hosseini1 · Farin Kamangar7 · Akram Pourshams8 · Vikash Sewram9 · Deirdre Cronin‑Fenton10 · Arash Etemadi11 · Deborah C. Glass12 · Afarin Rahimi‑Movaghar13 · Mahdi Sheikh1 · Reza Malekzadeh8 ·  \nMary K. Schubauer‑Berigan1  \nReceived: 16 July 2022 / Accepted: 15 January 2023 / Published online: 11 February 2023 © The Author(s) 2023  \nAbstract  \nThe carcinogenicity of opium consumption was recently evaluated by a Working Group convened by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). We supplement the recent IARC evaluation by conducting an extended systematic review as well as a quantitative meta-analytic assessment of the role of opium consumption and risk for selected cancers, evaluating in detail various aspects of study quality on meta-analytic findings. We searched the published literature to identify all relevant studies on opium consumption and risk of selected cancers in humans through 31 October, 2022. Meta-relative risks (mRRs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using random-effects models for studies of cancer of the urinary bladder, larynx, lung, oesophagus, pancreas, and stomach. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the I2 statistic. We assessed study quality and conducted sensitivity analyses to evaluate the impact of potential reverse causation, protopathic bias, selection bias, information bias, and confounding.In total, 2 prospective cohort studies and 33 case–control studies were included. The overall pooled mRR estimated for ‘ever or regular’ versus ‘never’ use of opium ranged from 1.50 (95% CI 1 .13–1.99, I2 = 0%, 6 studies) for oesophageal cancer to 7.97 (95% CI 4 .79–13.3, I2 = 62%, 7 studies) for laryngeal cancer. Analyses of cumulative opium exposure suggested greater risk of cancer associated with higher opium consumption. Findings were robust in sensitivity analyses excluding studies prone to potential methodological sources of biases and confounding. Findings support an adverse association between opium consumption and cancers of the urinary bladder, larynx, lung, oesophagus, pancreas and stomach.  \nKeywords Opium · Meta-analysis · Cancer · Cohort study · Case–control study  \n*  \n1  \n2  \n3  \n4  \n5  \n6  \n7  \n8  \nAdalberto M. Filho  \n[mirandafilhoa@outlook.com](mirandafilhoa@outlook.com)  \nInternational Agency for Research On Cancer, Lyon, France Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain  \nUniversitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain CIBER Epidemiología Y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain  \nKing’s College London, London, UK  \nUniversity of California, Irvine, CA, USA  \nMorgan State University, Baltimore, USA  \nDigestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran  \n9 Department of Global Health, African Cancer Institute, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa  \n10 Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark  \n11 Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Maryland, USA  \n12 School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia  \n13 Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran  \nIntroduction  \nOpium is consumed as an illicit recreational narcotic drug, or for medicinal purposes, in more than 50 countries worldwide, with the highest prevalence observed in Western Asia [1]. Opium is typically either ingested or smoked. Opium is the dried latex from the unripe seed-pods of the opium poppy plant. Commonly consumed forms include raw (or crude) op","cbCaicQgq78E1b6G","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicQgq78E1b6G","pdf",954074,17,"English","# Abstract\n## Introduction\n## Methods","[{\"question\":\"What was the document’s main objective?\",\"answer\":\"To supplement the IARC qualitative hazard evaluation with an extended systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis assessing how opium consumption relates to risk for selected cancers.\"},{\"question\":\"Which cancers were analyzed in the meta-analysis?\",\"answer\":\"Cancer of the urinary bladder, larynx, lung, oesophagus, pancreas, and stomach were included in the random-effects meta-analytic estimates.\"},{\"question\":\"How were potential biases and confounding handled?\",\"answer\":\"Study quality was assessed and sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of reverse causation, protopathic bias, selection bias, information bias, and confounding.\"}]","The carcinogenicity of opium consumption - a systematic review and meta-analysis | PDF",43]