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Comprehensive molecular understanding requires precise multi-omics data—genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and epigenome—combined with single-cell resolution and spatial context. Single-cell multi-omics loses spatial information during sample preparation, whereas spatial multi-omics preserves tissue location and enables characterization of multiple molecular layers. Spatial multi-omics supports research on tumor occurrence, development, metastasis, and tumor microenvironment heterogeneity, reviewed here across esophageal, gastric, and colorectal cancers.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-burgeoning-spatial-multi-omics-in-human-gastrointestinal-cancers-journal-article-review-overview/332483/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-burgeoning-spatial-multi-omics-in-human-gastrointestinal-cancers-journal-article-review-overview/332483.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Levi","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-25","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is spatial information important for multi-omics studies in disease progression?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Disease mechanisms unfold within a three-dimensional in vivo environment, so spatial coordinates help reveal molecular processes tied to cellular context and microenvironment heterogeneity.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What problem does spatial multi-omics solve compared with single-cell multi-omics?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Single-cell multi-omics can provide multiple molecular layers at single-cell resolution but loses spatial coordinate data during sample preparation; spatial multi-omics retains spatial context in tissue samples.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which cancer types does the review focus on for spatial multi-omics applications?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review covers applications related to esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer, emphasizing technologies including spatial transcriptomics, spatial proteomics, and spatial metabolomics.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},332483,1790196544,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},7971461740909,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Submitted 27 March 2024  \nAccepted 14 July 2024  \nPublished 13 September 2024  \nCorresponding authors Xuejun Zhi, [zgzhixj@sohu.com](zgzhixj@sohu.com)[ ](zgzhixj@sohu.com)Rensen Ran, [sankeshumy@163.com](sankeshumy@163.com)  \nAcademic editor Ning Li  \nAdditional Information and Declarations can be found on page 27  \nDOI 10.7717/peerj.17860  \n Copyright 2024 Liang et al.  \nDistributed under  \nCreative Commons CC-BY 4.0  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nThe burgeoning spatial multi-omics inhuman gastrointestinal cancers  \nWeizheng Liang1 ,* , Zhenpeng Zhu2 ,3 ,* , Dandan Xu1 , Peng Wang2 ,3 , Fei Guo2 , Haoshan Xiao2 ,3 , Chenyang Hou2 ,3 , Jun Xue2 , Xuejun Zhi4 and Rensen Ran1 ,5  \n1 Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei province, China  \n2 Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, China  \n3 Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, China  \n4 Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei province, China  \n5 Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China  \n* These authors contributed equally to this work.  \nABSTRACT  \nThe development and progression of diseases in multicellular organisms unfold within the intricate three-dimensional body environment. Thus, to comprehensively understand the molecular mechanisms governing individual development and disease progression, precise acquisition of biological data, including genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and epigenome, with single-cell resolution and spatial information within the body's three-dimensional context, is essential. This foundational information serves as the basis for deciphering cellular and molecular mechanisms. Although single-cell multi-omics technology can provide biological information such as genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and epigenome with single-cell resolution, the sample preparation process leads to the loss of spatial information. Spatial multi-omics technology, however, facilitates the characterization of biological data, such as genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and epigenome in tissue samples, while retaining their spatial context. Consequently, these techniques significantly enhance our understanding of individual development and disease pathology. Currently, spatial multi-omics technology has played a vital role in elucidating various processes in tumor biology, including tumor occurrence, development, and metastasis, particularly in the realms of tumor immunity and the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, this article provides a comprehensive overview of spatial transcriptomics, spatial proteomics, and spatial metabolomics-related technologies and their application in research concerning esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer. The objective is to foster the research and implementation of spatial multi-omics technology in digestive tumor diseases. This review will provide new technical insights for molecular biology researchers.  \nSubjects Biotechnology, Genomics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Oncology  \nKeywords Spatial transcriptomics, Spatial proteomics, Spatial metabolomics, Esophageal cancer, Gastric cancer and colorectal cancer  \nHow to cite this article Liang W, Zhu Z, Xu D, Wang P, Guo F, Xiao H, Hou C, Xue J, Zhi X, Ran R. 2024. The burgeoning spatial multiomics in human gastrointestinal cancers. PeerJ 12:e17860 [http://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17860](http://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17860)  \nINTRODUCTION  \nIn multicellular organisms, the processes of development and disease progression transpire within intricate three-dimensional in vivo environments. Each cell within these organisms inhabits a microenvironment that is intricately linked to its cellular fate, and these microenvironments exhibit pronounced","cbCaipxndJc3GnL4","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipxndJc3GnL4","pdf",12340706,41,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Rationale: three-dimensional environments and multi-omics\n## Limitation of single-cell multi-omics\n## Value of spatial multi-omics for digestive tract tumors","[{\"question\":\"Why is spatial information important for multi-omics studies in disease progression?\",\"answer\":\"Disease mechanisms unfold within a three-dimensional in vivo environment, so spatial coordinates help reveal molecular processes tied to cellular context and microenvironment heterogeneity.\"},{\"question\":\"What problem does spatial multi-omics solve compared with single-cell multi-omics?\",\"answer\":\"Single-cell multi-omics can provide multiple molecular layers at single-cell resolution but loses spatial coordinate data during sample preparation; spatial multi-omics retains spatial context in tissue samples.\"},{\"question\":\"Which cancer types does the review focus on for spatial multi-omics applications?\",\"answer\":\"The review covers applications related to esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer, emphasizing technologies including spatial transcriptomics, spatial proteomics, and spatial metabolomics.\"}]","The burgeoning spatial multi-omics inhuman gastrointestinal cancers - Journal Article - Review overview | PDF",1789998417,103]