[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-118040-en":3,"doc-seo-118040-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},118040,549758252649,"Ivy","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000253669c5317157?_k=1778319167496531819",8,"Research & Report","The benefits and dangers of using machine learning to support making legal predictions","Rule-based systems have long supported legal decision-making, but machine learning has been adopted later, prompting scrutiny of when and how it should be used. The review examines data use across common law, civil law, and hybrid jurisdictions, linking machine learning, rule-based reasoning, and case-based reasoning to jurisprudential theories. It highlights suitability for non-professionals such as self-represented litigants and legal-aid users, while addressing bias risks and proposing governance and ethics mitigations through better explanations, data selection, cleaning, and human review.","The benefits and dangers of using machine learning to support making legal predictions  \nThis is the Published version of the following publication  \nZeleznikow, John (2023) The benefits and dangers of using machine learning to support making legal predictions. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 13 (4) . ISSN 1942-4787  \nThe publisher’s official version can be found at [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/widm.1505](http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/widm.1505)  \nNote that access to this version may require subscription.  \nDownloaded from VU Research Repository [https://vuir.vu.edu.au/48010/](https://vuir.vu.edu.au/48010/)  \nReceived: 23 September 2022 Revised: 19 April 2023 Accepted: 21 April 2023  \nDOI: 10.1002/widm.1505  \nA DVA NCED R EVIEW  \nThe benefits and dangers of using machine learning to support making legal predictions  \nJohn Zeleznikow 1,2   \n1Research Unit of Excellence Digital Society: Security and Protection of Rights, University of Granada, Granada, Spain 2Law and Technology Group, Law School, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia  \nCorrespondence  \nJohn Zeleznikow, Research Unit of Excellence Digital Society: Security and Protection of Rights, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.  \nEmail: [john.zeleznikow@vu.edu.au](john.zeleznikow@vu.edu.au)  \n[Edited by:](Edited by: Witold Pedrycz)[ Witold Pedrycz](Edited by: Witold Pedrycz), [Editor-in](Editor-in)Chief  \nAbstract  \nRule-based systems have been used in the legal domain since the 1970s. Save for rare exceptions, machine learning has only recently been used. But why this delay? We investigate the appropriate use of machine learning to support and make legal predictions. To do so, we need to examine the appropriate use of data in global legal domains—including in common law, civil law, and hybrid jurisdictions. The use of various forms of Artificial Intelligence, including rule-based reasoning, case-based reasoning and machine learning in law requires an understanding of jurisprudential theories. We will see that the use of machine learning is particularly appropriate for non-professionals: in particular self-represented litigants or those relying upon legal aid services. The primary use of machine learning to support decision-making in legal domains has been in criminal detection, financial domains, and sentencing. The use in these areas has led to concerns that the inappropriate use of Artificial Intelligence leads to biased decision making. This requires us to examine concerns about governance and ethics. Ethical concerns can be minimized by providing enhanced explanation, choosing appropriate data to be used, appropriately cleaning that data, and having human reviews of any decisions.  \nThis article is categorized under:  \nCommercial, Legal, and Ethical Issues > Legal Issues  \nCommercial, Legal, and Ethical Issues > Fairness in Data Mining  \nKEYWOR DS  \ncivil law, common law, ethics, legal data, machine learning  \n1 | INTRODUCTION  \nUntil recently, the principal use of Artificial Intelligence for providing assistance for legal decision-makers has been in areas of Statutory Interpretation, including the burgeoning rules as code movement.1 Except in academic circles there has been little focus upon the use of machine learning in law and the appropriate use of data in law.  \nThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \n© 2023 The Author. WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.  \nWIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov. 2023;13:e1505 .  \n[https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1505](https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1505)  \n[wires.wiley.com/dmkd](wires.wiley.com/dmkd)  \n1 of 21  \n2 of 21  \nZELEZNIKOW  \nIn 2019, the Victoria Law Foundation examined how the administrators of Victoria, Australia's civil justice system used what the Foundation viewed as administra","cbCainHUzXeZycde","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainHUzXeZycde","pdf",2760524,1,22,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## AI approaches in legal domains\n## Data quality and representativeness\n## Domain comparisons and limits","[{\"question\":\"Why has machine learning been used later in legal domains compared with rule-based systems?\",\"answer\":\"Legal assistance historically relied more on rule-based reasoning and related AI techniques, with machine learning adoption occurring more recently. The article investigates the causes of this delay by examining appropriate data use and jurisdictional context.\"},{\"question\":\"In what legal settings is machine learning considered particularly appropriate?\",\"answer\":\"The article argues that machine learning is especially appropriate for non-professionals, including self-represented litigants and people relying on legal aid services.\"},{\"question\":\"What governance and ethical concerns arise when using machine learning for legal predictions?\",\"answer\":\"Concerns focus on biased decision-making caused by inappropriate or poorly managed use of AI. The article discusses mitigations such as enhanced explanation, selecting appropriate data, cleaning data, and ensuring human review of decisions.\"}]","The benefits and dangers of using machine learning to support making legal predictions | PDF",1785680956,55,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"the-benefits-and-dangers-of-using-machine-learning-to-support-making-legal-predictions","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-benefits-and-dangers-of-using-machine-learning-to-support-making-legal-predictions/118040/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-02",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Why has machine learning been used later in legal domains compared with rule-based systems?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Legal assistance historically relied more on rule-based reasoning and related AI techniques, with machine learning adoption occurring more recently. The article investigates the causes of this delay by examining appropriate data use and jurisdictional context.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"In what legal settings is machine learning considered particularly appropriate?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"The article argues that machine learning is especially appropriate for non-professionals, including self-represented litigants and people relying on legal aid services.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What governance and ethical concerns arise when using machine learning for legal predictions?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Concerns focus on biased decision-making caused by inappropriate or poorly managed use of AI. 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