[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-331461-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-331461-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","the-avoidance-of-purine-stretches-by-cancer-mutations","The Avoidance of Purine Stretches by Cancer Mutations","","Purine stretches—contiguous adenine and guanine sequences in DNA—control regulatory protein binding and modulate gene expression through DNA folding. This study connects purine-stretch properties with cancer development by evaluating purine aromaticity using Hückel’s rule and NICS calculations, while accounting for flanking-sequence context. Public intergenic-region data show a pronounced avoidance of long purine stretches in cancer mutations and a statistically significant shortening in cancerous tumors (p \u003C 0.0001).",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-avoidance-of-purine-stretches-by-cancer-mutations/331461/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-avoidance-of-purine-stretches-by-cancer-mutations/331461.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Sage","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-24","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",5,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What are purine stretches and why do they matter in DNA regulation?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Purine stretches are contiguous adenine/guanine sequences that act as binding regions and influence gene expression by affecting DNA folding and accessibility for regulatory machinery.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How does the study evaluate the relationship between purine stretches and cancer mutations?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"It analyzes genomic cancer data from intergenic regions, focusing on long purine stretches and incorporating purine aromaticity measures (e.g., Hückel’s rule and NICS) and the flanking-sequence context around mutations.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What is the main statistical finding about purine stretches in cancerous tumors?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Cancerous tumors show a statistically significant shortening of purine stretches, reported with a p value below 0.0001.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},331461,1790304003,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,100,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":111,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":108,"preview_page_count":4},687197207057,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Article  \nThe Avoidance of Purine Stretches by Cancer Mutations  \nAleksandr V. Vikhorev 1, Ivan V. Savelev 1, Oksana O. Polesskaya 1, Michael M. Rempel 1, Richard A. Miller 2, Alexandre A. Vetcher 3,4, * and Max Myakishev-Rempel 1, *  \nCitation: Vikhorev, A.V.; Savelev, I.V.; Polesskaya, O.O.; Rempel, M.M.; Miller, R.A.; Vetcher, A.A.; Myakishev-Rempel, M. The Avoidance of Purine Stretches by Cancer Mutations. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 11050. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/ijms252011050](10.3390/ijms252011050)  \nAcademic Editor: Eva Bagyinszky  \nReceived: 12 September 2024  \nRevised: 30 September 2024  \nAccepted: 30 September 2024  \nPublished: 15 October 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 DNA Resonance Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92111, USA  \n2 OAK, Inc., Grants Pass, OR 97526, USA  \n3 Institute of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (IPhB) of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia n.a. P.  \nLumumba (RUDN), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, 117198 Moscow, Russia  \n4 Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia  \n* Correspondence: [avetcher@gmail.com](avetcher@gmail.com) (A.A.V.); [max@dnaresonance.org](max@dnaresonance.org) (M.M.-R.)  \nAbstract: Purine stretches, sequences of adenine (A) and guanine (G) in DNA, play critical roles in binding regulatory protein factors and influence gene expression by affecting DNA folding. This study investigates the relationship between purine stretches and cancer development, considering the aromaticity of purines, quantified by methods like Hückel’s rule and NICS calculations, and the importance of the flanking sequence context. A pronounced avoidance of long purine stretches by typical cancer mutations was observed in public data on the intergenic regions of cancer patients, suggesting a role of intergenic sequences in chromatin reorganization and gene regulation. A statistically significant shortening of purine stretches in cancerous tumors (p value \u003C 0.0001) was found. The insights into the aromatic nature of purines and their stacking energies explain the role of purine stretches in DNA structure, contributing to their role in cancer progression. This research lays the groundwork for understanding the nature of purine stretches, emphasizing their importance in gene regulation and chromatin restructuring, and offers potential avenues for novel cancer therapies and insights into cancer etiology.  \nKeywords: purine stretches; cancer development; aromaticity; delocalization; double helix; enol; amine; tautomers; quantum-chemical models; flanking sequence; mutation susceptibility  \n1. Introduction  \nPurine stretches, contiguous sequences of adenine and guanine nucleotides in DNA, have long been recognized to be involved in genomic regulation. These stretches can serve as binding sites for regulatory protein factors involved in transcription, replication, and recombination [1–6]. Moreover, they may influence gene expression by affecting DNA folding and determining the accessibility of specific regions to cellular regulatory machinery.  \nOur research focuses on purine stretches due to their unique electrodynamic properties. Our models of electron delocalization indicate that purine stretches exhibit significantly stronger electron delocalization compared to other DNA sequences. This enhanced delocalization suggests that purine stretches may possess biological functions through yet undiscovered mechanisms, potentially influencing chromatin organization and gene regulation on a broader scale than previously understood.  \nThe import","cbCaihA9jihjLwp7","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihA9jihjLwp7","pdf",2596338,16,"English","# Introduction\n## Purine stretches in genomic regulation\n## Electrodynamic models and electron delocalization\n## Flanking sequence context in cancer mutations\n# Data sources and analytic rationale\n## COSMIC cancer database overview\n## Interpreting shared clonal mutations","[{\"question\":\"What are purine stretches and why do they matter in DNA regulation?\",\"answer\":\"Purine stretches are contiguous adenine/guanine sequences that act as binding regions and influence gene expression by affecting DNA folding and accessibility for regulatory machinery.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study evaluate the relationship between purine stretches and cancer mutations?\",\"answer\":\"It analyzes genomic cancer data from intergenic regions, focusing on long purine stretches and incorporating purine aromaticity measures (e.g., Hückel’s rule and NICS) and the flanking-sequence context around mutations.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the main statistical finding about purine stretches in cancerous tumors?\",\"answer\":\"Cancerous tumors show a statistically significant shortening of purine stretches, reported with a p value below 0.0001.\"}]","The Avoidance of Purine Stretches by Cancer Mutations | PDF",1789993340]