[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-400535-105":59,"doc-detail-400535-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","the-autonomic-nervous-system-study-guide","The Autonomic Nervous System - Study Guide","","PowerPage explains the autonomic nervous system by breaking down receptor activation by neurotransmitters and the two functional divisions: sympathetic (“fight or flight”) and parasympathetic (“rest and digest”). It summarizes key physiologic effects such as heart rate, blood pressure, GI perfusion, bronchiole diameter, and pupil size, then links these outcomes to adrenergic and cholinergic receptors. Tables contrast receptor stimulation effects with common agonist drugs and outline how antagonists or beta-blockers counter specific clinical problems, followed by an overview of opioid mu receptors and example drugs.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-autonomic-nervous-system-study-guide/400535/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-autonomic-nervous-system-study-guide/400535.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"dabgoudw","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-27",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What are the main functions of the sympathetic nervous system and what changes does it cause?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The sympathetic nervous system is the “fight or flight” system. It increases heart rate and blood pressure, constricts peripheral vessels, reduces blood flow to the GI tract, dilates bronchioles, and dilates pupils.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does the parasympathetic nervous system counter the sympathetic nervous system?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The parasympathetic nervous system is the “rest and digest” system and antagonizes sympathetic effects. It slows heart rate, increases GI blood flow for digestion, decreases bronchiole diameter, and keeps pupil size normal.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which drugs counter the effects of specific receptor agonists, and what are examples for opioid mu receptors?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Reversal agents include yohimbine for xylazine because it acts as an alpha-2 antagonist. For opioid mu receptors, morphine-type drugs are mu-agonists (e.g., morphine, hydromorphone, meperidine), partial agonists include butorphanol and buprenorphine, and naloxone acts as an antagonist.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},400535,1790814228,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":81,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":39,"preview_page_count":4},3985747860484,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","The Autonomic Nervous System  \nThe VTNE® may have several questions on receptors, drugs, and the effects of different transmitters on the body; this topic can be very confusing. The goal of this PowerPage is to simplify this information for you to make it easier to understand.  \nThe body has different receptors in various locations throughout the body that are activated by certain chemicals or transmitters. There are 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system that need to be understood in order to understand the effects of these transmitters on the receptors.  \nSympathetic Nervous System  \nThis is the “fight or flight” system. To best remember these effects, think about what happens when you are frightened.  \n● Increased heart rate  \n● Increased blood pressure  \n● Constriction of peripheral vessels (blood flow shifts to vital organs)  \n● Decreased blood flow to the GI tract (you don’t need to digest while you are in flight mode)  \n● Dilation of the bronchioles in the lungs (to help with increased oxygen flow to tissues)  \n● Dilated pupils (think about how dilated a scared cat’s pupils become in the clinic)  \nActivation on these adrenergic receptors is via epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine. Since the receptors for the sympathetic nervous system are termed ”adrenergic”(think adrenaline), an agonist drug (meaning,“having the same effect”) would bind to these receptors and cause the effects listed above.  \nParasympathetic Nervous System  \nThis is the “rest and digest” system. To best remember these, think about what happens when you are relaxed. This is essentially the opposite of what the sympathetic nervous system does; therefore, activation on these receptors antagonizes the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.  \n● Slower heart rate  \n● Increased blood flow to the GI tract (for digestion)  \n● Decreased bronchiole diameter  \n● Very little action on peripheral blood vessels and thus doesn’t change the vasoconstriction level  \n● Normal pupil size  \n© [2022 VetTechPrep.com](2022 VetTechPrep.com) • All rights reserved. 1  \nThe Autonomic Nervous System  \nActivation on these cholinergic receptors is via acetylcholine. There are two different types of cholinergic receptors, called muscarinic (all parasympathetic and giving the signs listed above) and nicotinic (found in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, which are competing for activation and can cause a mix of the signs listed from both categories) .  \nAutonomic vs. Somatic  \nThese 2 parts of the nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) we have no control over; this is why it is termed the autonomic nervous system (think automatic: just happens on its own) .  \nThere is one other branch called the somatic nervous system; this is our voluntary system. This system is associated with the nicotinic receptors discussed above. This mostly involves activation upon skeletal muscles (think about us moving our arms and legs, etc. voluntarily) .  \nTypes of Receptors  \nWhen stimulated, adrenergic receptors cause effects associated with the sympathetic nervous system as discussed above. An agonist drug produces the same effect; an antagonist drug produces the opposite effect. Sometimes a drug can have a partial effect, being called a “partial agonist.” The term“sympathomimetic” means it is mimicking the sympathetic nervous system.  \n\n| Receptor | Effect of Stimulation | Common Drug Agonists |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Alpha-1 | Causes constriction of blood vessels; increases blood pressure | Epinephrine, Methoxamine |\n| Alpha-2 | Helps regulate norepinephrine release | Dexmedetomidine, Xylazine, Romifidine |\n| Beta-1 | Located in the heart: causes increased heart rate and contraction | Dobutamine |\n| Beta-2 | Relaxation of smooth muscle in cardiac blood vessels, skeletal muscle, arterioles, and bronchioles in the lungs | Albuterol, Terbutaline (mostly used in treating asthma) |\n\n© [2022 VetTechPrep.com](2022 VetTechPrep.com) • All rights reserved. 2  \nThe Autonomic N","cbCaio1Im7stUxkd","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaio1Im7stUxkd","pdf",58164,"English","# Autonomic Nervous System Overview\n## Sympathetic Nervous System\n## Parasympathetic Nervous System\n## Autonomic vs Somatic\n## Types of Receptors\n## Opioids and Mu Receptors\n## References","[{\"question\":\"What are the main functions of the sympathetic nervous system and what changes does it cause?\",\"answer\":\"The sympathetic nervous system is the “fight or flight” system. It increases heart rate and blood pressure, constricts peripheral vessels, reduces blood flow to the GI tract, dilates bronchioles, and dilates pupils.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the parasympathetic nervous system counter the sympathetic nervous system?\",\"answer\":\"The parasympathetic nervous system is the “rest and digest” system and antagonizes sympathetic effects. It slows heart rate, increases GI blood flow for digestion, decreases bronchiole diameter, and keeps pupil size normal.\"},{\"question\":\"Which drugs counter the effects of specific receptor agonists, and what are examples for opioid mu receptors?\",\"answer\":\"Reversal agents include yohimbine for xylazine because it acts as an alpha-2 antagonist. For opioid mu receptors, morphine-type drugs are mu-agonists (e.g., morphine, hydromorphone, meperidine), partial agonists include butorphanol and buprenorphine, and naloxone acts as an antagonist.\"}]","The Autonomic Nervous System - Study Guide | PDF",1790512112]