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Aging Neurosci. 17:1713899.  \ndoi: 10.3389/fnagi.2025.1713899  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2025 Wang, Ma, Li and Luo. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nThe application of fecal microbiota transplantation in Parkinson’s disease  \nBoyan Wang, Di Ma, Na Li and Tianfei Luo *  \nDepartment of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchu, China  \nBackground: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the aggregation of α -synuclein (α-syn) in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. The pathogenesis of PD remains incompletely understood, and disease-modifying therapies are lacking. Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota and their metabolites influence both intestinal and central nervous system (CNS) functions via the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) . Recent studies have identified dysbiosis in the gut microbiota of PD patients, which may contribute to disease progression through two primary mechanisms: First, increased intestinal permeability, allowing pro-inflammatory factors and microbial metabolites to affect the enteric nervous system (ENS) and subsequently spread to the CNS via the vagal neurons; Secondly, disruption of the Blood–Brain barrier (BBB), leading to neuroinflammation and aberrant α -syn aggregation, ultimately resulting in dopaminergic neuron degeneration. These findings underscore the critical role of the MGBA in PD pathogenesis, which makes gut microbiota modulation a promising therapeutic target.  \nHighlights: This review synthesizes current knowledge on gut microbiota alterations in PD and evaluates the potential of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as an adjunctive therapy to alleviate motor and non-motor symptoms and slow disease progression.  \nConclusion: FMT has demonstrated efficacy in ameliorating PD symptoms via the MGBA. However, further preclinical and clinical studies are needed to fully elucidate its mechanisms and optimize therapeutic protocols. Targeting the gut microbiota may offer novel biomarkers and intervention strategies for PD.  \nKEYWORDS  \nfecal microbiota transplantation, gut microbiota, microbiota-gut-brain axis, Parkinson’s disease, oxidative stress  \n1 Introduction  \nParkinson’s disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder predominantly affecting middle-aged and elderly populations, with an estimated global prevalence of nearly 10 million cases. As the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease, PD is pathologically characterized by two hallmark features: First, progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta; Secondly, the formation of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites composed primarily of aggregated α-syn (Postuma et al., 2015). Lewy bodies, the pathological hallmark of PD, are primarily composed of misfoldedα-syn, ubiquitin, and heat shock proteins. Notably, the aberrant aggregation of α-syn—encoded ","cbCaipfWtpoEnvbd","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipfWtpoEnvbd","pdf",1266158,"English","# Highlights\n# Conclusion\n# 1 Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What is the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) and why is it important in Parkinson’s disease?\",\"answer\":\"The MGBA is a communication pathway linking the gut microbiota with the central nervous system via components including CNS, ENS, the autonomic nervous system, and the HPA axis. It is highlighted as a key driver of PD pathogenesis through gut-related mechanisms that can affect the brain.\"},{\"question\":\"How can gut dysbiosis contribute to Parkinson’s disease progression?\",\"answer\":\"The review describes two primary mechanisms: increased intestinal permeability that allows pro-inflammatory factors and microbial metabolites to influence the ENS and then the CNS, and disruption of the blood–brain barrier that leads to neuroinflammation and aberrant α-syn aggregation.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the review conclude about fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for Parkinson’s disease?\",\"answer\":\"FMT has shown efficacy in alleviating PD symptoms via the MGBA. The review also emphasizes that additional preclinical and clinical studies are needed to clarify mechanisms and optimize treatment protocols.\"}]","The application of fecal microbiota transplantation in Parkinson’s disease | PDF",1790575208]