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The analysis traces the roots of the term as an “empty signifier,” examines anti-gender actions that interfere with schooling, and considers parents’ right to intervene. Using European Court of Human Rights rulings, the work argues schools should avoid indoctrination while presenting relevant topics objectively, critically, and pluralistically.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-anti-gender-movement-in-europe-and-the-educational-process-in-public-schools/598928/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-anti-gender-movement-in-europe-and-the-educational-process-in-public-schools/598928.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"jay","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What connects the different anti-gender actors described in the document?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Their common point is the idea of “gender theory” or “gender ideology,” treated as an empty signifier that can be adapted to fit different political protest goals.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the document explain the term “gender theory” and its origin?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It argues that “gender theory” functions as an empty signifier and points to ideological roots developed since the mid-1990s, with the Roman Catholic Church playing an important role in manufacturing and spreading the notion.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What stance does the document take regarding schools and parental rights?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It holds that parents may educate children according to religious and moral beliefs, but this does not require teachers to avoid issues that may morally distress pupils, as long as schools present topics objectively, critically, and pluralistically without indoctrination.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},598928,1792165348,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747858866,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","The Anti-Gender Movement in Europe and the Educational Process in Public Schools  \nRoman Kuhar*1 and Aleš Zobec2  \n• Mass protests across Europe against marriage equality, reproductive rights, gender mainstreaming and sexual education have centralised in the past few years around so-called “gender theory”. This theory is explained as a new threat to the “traditional family” and “natural masculinity and femininity”, as it allegedly aims at cultural revolution: a post-binary gender world. Many of these debates (and concrete actions) are targeted at schools and the educational process. It is believed that“gender theory” is already being taught in schools, which will have detrimental consequences for pupils. Agents of the anti-gender movement claim that children are being sexualised and brainwashed by “gender theory”.  \nTaking this debate as the starting point, we first examine the roots of the term “gender theory” and point to its nature as an “empty signifier”. We then analyse the types of anti-gender actions across Europe that interfere with the educational process in public schools. Finally, we consider the role of parents and their right to intervene (or not) in the educational process. On the basis of the existing rulings ofthe European Court of Human Rights, we argue that the provision that parents are entitled to educate their children in accordance with their religious and moral beliefs does not mean that teachers in schools should avoid issues that might “morally distress” pupils or their parents, as long as schools avoid indoctrination, and providing the topics (like any other topics) are conveyed in an objective, critical and pluralistic manner.  \nKeywords: gender theory, gender ideology, public schools, educational process  \n1 * Corresponding Author. University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Department of Sociology, Slovenia; [roman.kuhar@ff.uni-lj.si](roman.kuhar@ff.uni-lj.si).  \n2 Secondary Preschool Education and Gymnasia Ljubljana, Slovenia.  \nGibanje proti “teoriji spola” v Evropi in izobraževalniproces v javnih šolah  \nRoman Kuhar in Aleš Zobec  \n• Množični protesti po Evropi proti istospolnim porokam, reproduktivnim pravicam, politiki gender mainstreaming in spolni vzgoji so se v zadnjih letih osrediščili okrog tako imenovane »teorije spola« . Razumejo jo kot novo grožnjo »tradicionalni družini« ter »naravni moškosti in ženskosti«, ker naj bi domnevno vodila v kulturno revolucijo – v postbinarni spolni svet. Veliko teh razprav (in konkretnih akcij) je usmerjenih v šolski prostor in izobraževalni proces. Akterke_ji teh protestov trdijo, da se »teorija spola« že poučuje v šolah, kar naj bi imelo škodljive posledice za učenke_ce. Prav tako trdijo, da »teorija spola« otroke v šolah seksualizira in jim pere možgane.  \nRazpravo o »teoriji spola« v tem članku postavljamo v izhodišče našerazprave in najprej pokažemo na izvore tega termina, ki ga razumemo kot prazni označevalec. Nato analiziramo tipe intervencij akterk_jev tega gibanja v šolski prostor javnih šol v Evropi ter nazadnje razpravljamo ovlogi staršev in njihovi pravici, da posegajo (ali ne) v izobraževalni proces. Na osnovi obstoječih sodb Evropskega sodišča za človekove pravicetrdimo, da pravica staršev, da svoje otroke vzgajajo skladno s svojimi verskimi in moralnimi prepričanji, ne pomeni, da naj se učiteljice_i v šolah izogibajo temam, ki bodo mogoče »moralno pretresle« učenke_ce ali njihove starše, dokler se šole pri obravnavi teh tem izogibajo indoktrinaciji in so te teme (ali katere koli druge) prikazane na objektiven, kritičen in pluralen način.  \nKljučne besede: teorija spola, ideologija spola, javna šola, vzgojni proces  \nIntroduction  \nIn the recent years – particularly since the mass protests by Manif pour tous in France against marriage equality in 2013 – an increasing number of groups and initiatives have been organised in resistance to what previously appeared to be an irreversible process of achievement of gender equality and sexual rights in","cbCaicTT2nwwOAnM","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicTT2nwwOAnM","pdf",152882,18,"English","# Introduction\n## Roots of “gender theory” as an empty signifier\n## Types of anti-gender actions affecting public schooling\n## Parents’ role and limits under European Court of Human Rights rulings","[{\"question\":\"What connects the different anti-gender actors described in the document?\",\"answer\":\"Their common point is the idea of “gender theory” or “gender ideology,” treated as an empty signifier that can be adapted to fit different political protest goals.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the document explain the term “gender theory” and its origin?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that “gender theory” functions as an empty signifier and points to ideological roots developed since the mid-1990s, with the Roman Catholic Church playing an important role in manufacturing and spreading the notion.\"},{\"question\":\"What stance does the document take regarding schools and parental rights?\",\"answer\":\"It holds that parents may educate children according to religious and moral beliefs, but this does not require teachers to avoid issues that may morally distress pupils, as long as schools present topics objectively, critically, and pluralistically without indoctrination.\"}]","The Anti-Gender Movement in Europe and the Educational Process in Public Schools | PDF",1792087862,45]