[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-40880-en":3,"doc-seo-40880-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},40880,962075114765,"Quinn","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd",8,"Research & Report","The Ancient Greeks Armies of Classical Greece, 5th and 4th Centuries","Greek warfaring in the Classical Period is examined from the era of the Greek victories over the Persian Empire at the start of the 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great at the end of the 4th century. The book explains how city-states like Athens and Sparta rose into major powers, while interstate warfare later weakened the Greeks as Macedon expanded. It focuses on the evolution of Greek military dress, equipment, and uniformity driven by state responsibility, regional variation, and shifting fashion.","NICHOLAS VICTOR SEKUNDA ANGUS McBRIDE  \nText by  \nNICHOLAS VICTOR SEKUNDAColour plates byANGUS McBRIDE  \nFirst published inGrcat Britain in 1986 by  \nArtist's Note  \nOsprey Publishing,Elms Court,(Chapcl Way,Botkey,Oxford OX2gLP.United Kingdom.Email:info(rosprcypublishing.com  \nReadcrs may carc to note that the original paintingsfrom which the colour plates in this book wereprepared arc availablc for private salc.All  \nreproduction copyright whatsocver is rctaincd by thePublishers.All cnquirics should be addressed to:  \n1986 Osprey Publishing Ltd.  \nReprinted ig87.1989.1990,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1998.1999,2000  \nScorpio Gallery  \nP.O.Box475:  \nAll rights reserved.Apart from any fair dealing for thepurpose of private study.research,criticism or revicw,aspermittedl undcr the Copyright Designs and Patcnts Act,1988.no part of this publication may be rcproduced,stored in a rctrieval system,or transmited in any form orby any mcans,clectronic,clectrical,chemical,mechanical,optical,photocopying,rccording or othierwise,without theprior pcrmission of the copyright owncr.Enquirics shouldbc addrcsscd to thc Publishers.  \nHailsham,  \nE.Sussex BN272SL  \nThe Publishers regrct that they can enter into nocorrespondcncc upon this mattecr.  \nBritish Library Cataloguing in Publication Data  \nSekunda,Nick  \nThe Ancient Grecks.—(Elite series;7)  \n1.Grcece—Armed Forces  \n1.Titlc II.Scries355.00938C33  \nISBN o-85045-686-X  \nFilmsct in Grcat BritainPrinted in (China through World Print Ltd.  \nFoRACATALOCUEOF A11.BOOKS PUBLISHE1)BY OSPREYMILITARY,AUTOMOTIVE AND AVIATIONPLEASE.WRITE TO:  \nThe Marketing Managcr;Osprey DirectUSA,PO Box 1go,Sterling Hcights.M148311-0T30,USA.Email:infonospreydirectusa.com  \nThe Marketing Manager,Osprcy Direct UK.  \nPO Box 140.Wellingborough,Northants,NN84ZA,UnitedKingdom.Email:info@ospreydirect.co.uk  \nVisit Osprey at:wwW.ospreypublishing.com  \n# The Ancient Greeks\n\nIntroduction  \nThe subject of this book is Greek warfarc in theClassical Pcriod,which stretches from theGrcckvictorics ovcr the Persian Empirc at the bcginningof the 5th century BCto the death ofAlexander the(reat at the cnd of the 4th century.During thisperiod we see city-states such as Athens and Spartagrow to bccomc major world powers,challengingeven the mighty Persian Empirc.By thc middle ofthe 4th century,however,inteT-state warfare hadweakened the Greeks to such an extent thatMacedon's power grew virtually unchecked.  \nThe main aim of this book is to givc the rcader asfull an account as possible of Greck military drcssduring the pcriod.Therc can be little doubt that inthe Archaic period,which preceded the Classical,Grcek warriors simply wore what they wanted,andmilitary ‘uniform'was unknown.During theClassical Period,however,the state began to playan increasingly important rólc in military organi-sation,even taking responsibility for arming andequipping its citizens,or compelling the citizens toequip themselves up to a certain standard.Theresult was uniformity in dress and equipment.Atfirst the army might be distinguished by some 'fieldsign'such as a helmet or a shicld painted in somedistinguishing colour—or by a uniform shielddevice.Subsequently,the statc might cnjoin itscitizens to equip themsclves in cuirasscs or helmetsofacertain model.Rcgional differcncesin dress andweaponry also played their part in this process.Sodid periodic fads in military fashion,seen mostclearly in the widesprcad adoption of Lakonianstyles of military dress by Sparta's allics during herperiod of supremacy.It docs not seem that themajority of Greek armiesentered the PcloponncsianWar in uniform,but the situation had changcddramatically by theend of the war.By the middlc ofthe 4th century uniform had become gencral.  \nThe literary texts are an invaluablc source of  \nThis bronze statuette,probably ofLakonian manufacture,hasbeen dated to the early sth century.Our Plate Ar is based onthis figure,but for the addition of the staff in his hand.Thetransverse crest could be a badge of r","cbCaitcePGeqtrsd","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitcePGeqtrsd","pdf",13739935,3,1,66,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Historical scope of Classical Greek warfare\n## From non-uniform Archaic practice to Classical uniformity\n## Evidence sources for reconstructing military dress\n## Artistic and material reference points","[{\"question\":\"What time span of Greek history does the book cover?\",\"answer\":\"It covers Greek warfare in the Classical Period, from the early 5th century BC (after victories over the Persian Empire) to the end of the 4th century BC, including the death of Alexander the Great.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the main aim of the book?\",\"answer\":\"To provide the fullest possible account of Greek military dress during the Classical Period, explaining how uniforms and equipment standards developed.\"},{\"question\":\"How did Greek military dress become more uniform during the Classical Period?\",\"answer\":\"State involvement increased, including responsibility for arming and equipping citizens or requiring them to meet equipment standards, producing uniformity in dress and 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