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Using a normative juridical method with a comparative law approach, the study analyzes Indonesian and Philippine legislation, doctrines, and institutional policies for handling maritime crimes involving both civilian and military elements. Findings show Indonesia’s pluralistic, overlapping system versus the Philippines’ centralized model via the Philippine Coast Guard, emphasizing reforms to strengthen civil jurisdiction supremacy.",{"@graph":69,"@context":127},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-actualization-of-legal-connectivity-at-sea-between-indonesia-and-the-philippines-a-comparative-study/229810/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-actualization-of-legal-connectivity-at-sea-between-indonesia-and-the-philippines-a-comparative-study/229810.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Nguyễn Văn Học","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-10",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",23,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119,123],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What problem does the research focus on regarding maritime law enforcement?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"It focuses on fragmentation of authority and jurisdictional uncertainty, especially when maritime crimes involve both civilian and military elements in the same incident.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What research method is used in this study?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The study uses a normative juridical approach and a comparative law approach by analyzing legislation, legal doctrine, and institutional policies in Indonesia and the Philippines.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How do the findings compare the Indonesian and Philippine maritime enforcement systems?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The Indonesian system is described as pluralistic and overlapping, while the Philippines has established a centralized enforcement system through the Philippine Coast Guard as a single civilian institution prioritizing civil jurisdiction primacy.",{"name":124,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":125},"What reforms does the study recommend to strengthen legal handling in Indonesian waters?",{"text":126,"@type":114},"It calls for structural, normative, and value reforms to strengthen supremacy of civil law, including strengthening the Prosecutor’s Office role, revising relevant criminal procedure and military court provisions, and consolidating maritime enforcement functions under the Maritime Security Agency.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":129,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":131,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":133,"site_id":62},229810,1789044091,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":136},{"doc_id":133,"user_id":137,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":138,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":139,"file_id":140,"file_url":141,"file_type":142,"file_size":143,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":144,"language":145,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":146,"faqs":147,"seo_title":148,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":134,"read_time":149,"preview_page_count":4},1374402739827,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000c97e7351f1a627?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1787885694763230660","International Journal on Advanced Science, Education, and Religion (IJoASER) E-ISSN: 2614-8862 & P-ISSN: 2565-0836 Volume 8, Number 3, September 2025  \nThe Actualization of Legal Connectivity at Sea Between Indonesia and the Philippines: A Comparative Study  \nMiftahul Jannah1*, Ulil Amri2, Mujibur Rahman3, Irwan4  \n1 Universitas Megarezky, Indonesia  \n2 Universitas Mulawarman, Indonesia  \n3 Universitas Negeri Manado, Indonesia  \n4 Universitas Megarezky, Indonesia  \nCorresponding Author  [miftahuljannah@unimerz.ac.id](miftahuljannah@unimerz.ac.id)*  \nARTICLE INFO  \nArticle history: Received July 09, 2025 Revised August 10, 2025 Accepted September 3, 2025  \nABSTRACT  \nThis research is motivated by the issue of fragmentation of authority and jurisdictional uncertainty in Indonesian maritime law enforcement, particularly when maritime crimes involve both civilian and military elements simultaneously (connectivity cases) . The research method uses a normative juridical approach and comparative law (comparative law approach), by analyzing legislation, legal doctrine, and institutional policies of maritime law enforcement in Indonesia and the Philippines. The analysis shows that the Indonesian system remains pluralistic and overlapping, while the Philippines has successfully established a centralized maritime law enforcement system through the Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) as a single civilian institution that prioritizes the principle of primacy of civil jurisdiction. The research findings emphasize the need for structural, normative, and value reforms to strengthen the supremacy of civil law in Indonesian waters, including strengthening the role of the Prosecutor's Office as dominus litis, revising the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code and the Military Court Law and consolidating maritime law enforcement functions under the Maritime Security Agency. Thus, this research contributes to the development of an institutional and procedural model for handling connectivity cases at sea that is more effective, fair and in line with the principles of the rule of law at sea  \nKeywords: Connectivity; Comparative Law; Civil and Military Jurisdiction;  \nMaritime Law Enforcement; Maritime Security Agency.  \nJournal Homepage [https://ojs.staialfurqan.ac.id/IJoASER/](https://ojs.staialfurqan.ac.id/IJoASER/)  \nThis is an open access article under the CC BY SA license  \n[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)  \nPENDAHULUAN  \nIndonesia sebagai negara kepulauan dengan cakupan perairan yang sangat luas menghadapi tantangan ganda dalam ranah penegakan hukum maritim, yakni adanya fragmentasi kewenangan antarlembaga penegak hukum nasional dan kompleksitas yurisdiksi bila tindak pidana di laut melibatkan subjek hukum yang berbeda, yaitu warga sipil dan personel militer. Fenomena tindak pidana yang bersifat konektif dilaut seperti kejadian yang melibatkan awak kapal sipil dan personel militer dalam satu peristiwa, menuntut mekanisme penyelesaian yang menjamin kepastian hukum,  \nakuntabilitas, dan efisiensi proses peradilan.1 Kajian hukum acara menempatkaninstrumen koneksitas yang ada dalam Pasal 89 sampai Pasal 91 KUHAP dan ketentuan Peradilan Militer sebagai landasan normatif untuk menyelesaikan perkara jenis inisecara terintegrasi, namun ketentuan normatif tersebut, dalam praktiknya belum sepenuhnya menjawab problem pelaksanaan di ranah maritim yang bersifat lintas yurisdiksi.2  \nBeberapa kajian empiris dan telaah kebijakan terakhir menunjukkan persoalanstruktural yang berulang seperti ketidakjelasan protokol penyidikan bersama di laut, lemahnya mekanisme koordinasi antar institusi, serta status norma koneksitas yang sering ditafsirkan sebagai lex imperfecta (norma yang tidak disertai daya paksa implementatif) . Temuan internal Kejaksaan dan analisis akademik mengindikasikanbahwa ketiadaan pedoman teknis operasional menyebabkan inkonsistensi praktik seperti adanya dualisme penyidikan, penund","cbCaimAvvuWVmODM","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimAvvuWVmODM","pdf",437654,17,"English","# Introduction\n## Issues in Maritime Law Enforcement\n## Procedural and Institutional Challenges\n# Comparative Approach\n## Philippines’ Centralized Enforcement Practice\n## Toward an Adaptive Connectivity Model","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the research focus on regarding maritime law enforcement?\",\"answer\":\"It focuses on fragmentation of authority and jurisdictional uncertainty, especially when maritime crimes involve both civilian and military elements in the same incident.\"},{\"question\":\"What research method is used in this study?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses a normative juridical approach and a comparative law approach by analyzing legislation, legal doctrine, and institutional policies in Indonesia and the Philippines.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the findings compare the Indonesian and Philippine maritime enforcement systems?\",\"answer\":\"The Indonesian system is described as pluralistic and overlapping, while the Philippines has established a centralized enforcement system through the Philippine Coast Guard as a single civilian institution prioritizing civil jurisdiction primacy.\"},{\"question\":\"What reforms does the study recommend to strengthen legal handling in Indonesian waters?\",\"answer\":\"It calls for structural, normative, and value reforms to strengthen supremacy of civil law, including strengthening the Prosecutor’s Office role, revising relevant criminal procedure and military court provisions, and consolidating maritime enforcement functions under the Maritime Security Agency.\"}]","The Actualization of Legal Connectivity at Sea Between Indonesia and the Philippines - A Comparative Study | PDF",43]