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It examines the syntactic structure of RRCs in English and Arabic, focusing on resumptive pronouns and the choice between overt and covert relative markers tied to the definiteness of the head noun. Using an acceptability judgment test, data from 100 adult Arabic speakers is analyzed to determine common acquisition problems.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-acquisition-of-english-restrictive-relative-clauses-by-arab-adult-efl-learners/589568/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-acquisition-of-english-restrictive-relative-clauses-by-arab-adult-efl-learners/589568.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Terk","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the focus of the study about restrictive relative clauses?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study focuses on how Arab adult EFL learners acquire English restrictive relative clauses, considering resumptive pronouns and overt versus covert relative markers.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How is data collected in the study?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Data is collected using an acceptability judgment test as the tool for data collection.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which factors are found to influence acquisition?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The study reports that factors such as participants’ age, age of learning, and age of immersion influence the acquisition process.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},589568,1792188585,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1099525198933,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Advances in Language and Literary Studies ISSN: 2203-4714  \nVol. 7 No. 1; February 2016  \n Australian International Academic Centre, Australia  \n|  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n|  |  |  |\n|  | Flourishing Creativity & Literacy |  |\n|  |  |  |\n\nThe Acquisition of English Restrictive Relative Clauses by Arab Adult EFL Learners  \nHayat Eid Alroudhan (Corresponding author)  \nAl-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University  \nCollege of Languages and Translation  \nDepartment of English Language and Literature  \n[E-mail: hayat.alroudhan@gmail.com](E-mail: hayat.alroudhan@gmail.com)  \nDoi:10.7575/aiac.alls.v.7n.1p.33  \nURL: [http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.7n.1p.33](http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.7n.1p.33)  \nReceived: 23/08/2015  \nAccepted: 01/11/2015  \nAbstract  \nThis study investigates the challenges faced by Arab adult learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) in acquiring English restrictive relative clauses (RRCs), as well as the factors that affect the process of acquisition. This issue has received considerable attention in second language (L2) research. The present study discusses the syntactic structure of RRCs in English and Arabic with regard to the use of resumptive pronouns and the use of overt versus covert relative markers as related to the definiteness of the head noun. This study is carried out using an acceptability judgment test asthe tool for data collection. A sample of 100 male and female adult Arabic speakers is used with the aim of identifying potential acquisition problems. The results obtained provide further support for first language (L1) transfer. This study concludes that participants accepted the use of resumptive pronouns and preferred the overt relative markers determined by definiteness. It is further discovered that certain factors influenced the acquisition process such as participants’ age, age of learning, and age of immersion. The current study has some pedagogical implications for the teaching of relative clauses in the EFL context.  \nKeywords: English Relative Clauses, Restrictive Relative Clauses, Relative pronoun, Arab Learners of English  \n1. Introduction  \nThe acquisition of a second language’s (L2) structure often attracts researchers’ interest. Most studies investigating the acquisition of a second language’s complex structure have found that it is affected by a number of factors. The most common factor is generally the cross-linguistic influence of the first language (L1) . Cross-linguistic transfer is a widely identified phenomenon in second language research. Many studies have provided evidence that the structural distinction between first and second languages often causes difficulties in the process of acquiring a second language’s complex structure. For example, researchers such as Shaheen (2013), Algady (2013) and Zagood and Juma (2012) have examined the influence of cross-linguistic transfer between Arabic and English on the acquisition of L2 relative clauses. In other words, the previous studies have shown that Arab adult EFL learners made errors when forming relative clauses. Such repeated errors when using relative clauses to form complex sentences have led to their becoming a common issue among learners. Therefore, there is a need to conduct research in order to investigate the causes of the serious errors that hinder the ability of learners to master the complex structures of the English language generally and English restrictive relative clauses in particular. On the other hand, over the last few decades, there has been little research on the acquisition of RRCs in English. Hence, the current study was conducted to investigate the acquisition of English restrictive relative clauses (RRCs) by adult English learners with regard to the use of resumptive pronouns and the use of overt versus covert relative markers as related to the definiteness of the head noun (antecedent) as well as the different factors that may result in difficulty in that acquisition. In order","cbCaibNa5YGYTmgz","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibNa5YGYTmgz","pdf",1277269,21,"English","# Introduction\n# Literture Review\n## Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses\n## The Notion of Restrictive Relative Clauses","[{\"question\":\"What is the focus of the study about restrictive relative clauses?\",\"answer\":\"The study focuses on how Arab adult EFL learners acquire English restrictive relative clauses, considering resumptive pronouns and overt versus covert relative markers.\"},{\"question\":\"How is data collected in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Data is collected using an acceptability judgment test as the tool for data collection.\"},{\"question\":\"Which factors are found to influence acquisition?\",\"answer\":\"The study reports that factors such as participants’ age, age of learning, and age of immersion influence the acquisition process.\"}]","The Acquisition of English Restrictive Relative Clauses by Arab Adult EFL Learners | PDF",1792067640,53]