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TFL differs by representing dynamic knowledge via algebraic data types, emphasizing strategic control, specifying both object-level strategic knowledge and the meta-system’s own dynamic knowledge, and supporting modularisation.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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PIERRET-GOLBREICH and XAVIER TALON  \nL.R.1..CNRS URA410.Université Paris Sud,91405 Orsay Cedex,France(Email):[pierret,talon]@lri.fr  \n## Abstract\n\nTFL,the Task Formal Language,has been developed for integrating the static and dynamic aspectsof knowledge based systems.This paper focuses on the formal specification of dynamic behaviour.Although fundamental in knowledge based systems,strategic reasoning has been rather neglecteduntil now by the existing formal specifications.Most languages were generally more focused on thedomain and problem-solving knowledge specification than on the control.The formalisationpresented here differs from previous ones in several aspects.First,a different representation ofdynamic knowledge is proposed:TFL is based on Algebraic Data Types,as opposed to dynamic ortemporal logic.Second,dynamic strategic reasoning is emphasised,whereas existing languages onlyoffer to specify algorithmic control.Then,TFL does not only provide the specification of theproblem-solving knowledge of the object system,but also of its strategic knowledge.Finally,thedynamic knowledge of the meta-system itself is also specified.Moreover,modularisation is anotherimportant feature of the presented language.  \n## 1 Introduction\n\nKnowledge acquisition was traditionally viewed as an extraction/transcription process.An oppositeview is generally adopted now:the modelling approach(Breuker and Van de Velde,1994;Wielingaet al.,1992).In this process,a particular model is especially important:the model ofexpertise(ME),which is the result of the conceptualisation stage.This model is an abstract description of theproblem-solving behaviour of an agent (human or artifact).Such a functional specification of aKnowledge Based System(KBS)is made at a conceptual level,and is independent of theimplementation.Different methodologies(e.g.Role Limiting Methods(McDermott,1988),Components of Expertise(Steels,1990),Generic Tasks(Chandrasekoran,1988),PROTEGE(Musen,1989),KADS(Breuker &Van de Velde,1994)and associated conceptual modellinglanguages have been proposed.They offer informally or semi-formally defined primitives to describethe ME.However,their lack of clear semantics limits the ME advantages,since it causes difficultiesin its understanding,validation,reuse and implementation.Therefore,to support a more preciseand formal specification of the ME,several languages have been more recently defined inknowledge-engineering,(e.g.(ML)²,(Van Harmelen and Balder,1992),KBs SF(Jonker &Spee,1992),ForKADS(Wetter &Schmidt,1991),KARL(Fensel,1995b),QIL(Aitken,et al.,1992)Momo (Linster et al.,1992)and DESIRE(Langevelde et al.,1992).Two groups are distinguishedamong them(Fensel&van Harmelen,1994).Languages in the first group mainly aim at formalisingthe ME,in particular the KADS model of expertise.They have a denotational semantics.Languages of the second group aim at operationalising the ME.They have an operationalsemantics.However,the trouble is that most of those languages,whatever their type,do not dealwith the control problem in a completely satisfactory way.For instance,most of them only considerone single problem-solving method to solve a task,which is generally statically defined in advancewith a fixed control structure.Languages which are more flexible and allow one to describe  \nC.PIERRET-GOLBREICH AND X.TALON  \nalternative problem-solving methods,yet provide no clear means of specifying the knowledge(i.e.  \nstrategies)which enables to select or configure a suited problem-solving method.  \nIn this paper,we propose a formal specification language,the TASK formal language(TFL),which aims at dealing correctly with the control specification.The work is based on TASK,amethodology(Pierret-Golbreich,1994)which is more convenient than other task orientedapproaches,in particular KADS,for modelling flexible problem-solving and opportunistic reason-ing.TFL aims at overcomi","cbCaim47DDIklHtJ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaim47DDIklHtJ","pdf",1931305,28,"English","# Abstract\n# 1 Introduction\n## 1.1 TFL requirements","[{\"question\":\"What problem does TFL address in knowledge-based systems?\",\"answer\":\"TFL targets the formal specification of dynamic behaviour, especially strategic reasoning and control, which existing formalisms often under-specify.\"},{\"question\":\"How does TFL represent dynamic knowledge?\",\"answer\":\"TFL is based on algebraic data types, providing an alternative to approaches based on dynamic or temporal logic.\"},{\"question\":\"What requirements does the paper state for TFL?\",\"answer\":\"TFL is designed to be formal with mathematically defined syntax and semantics, and to enable formal control specification for flexible knowledge-based systems.\"}]","TFL: an algebraic language to specify the dynamic behaviour of knowledge-based systems | PDF",71]