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This study determined intra- and inter-examiner reliability of LC stiffness using SWE under a tightly standardized protocol in patients with mechanical neck pain. 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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; [juaniz02@ucm.es](juaniz02@ucm.es) (J.I.-G.); [paz.sanz@salud.madrid.org](paz.sanz@salud.madrid.org) (M.P.S.-A.); [juanignacio.castillo@salud.madrid.org](juanignacio.castillo@salud.madrid.org) (J.I.C.-M.)  \n2 InveCuid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain  \n3 Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [marconav@ucm.es](marconav@ucm.es) (M.J.N.-S.); [ibailope@ucm.es](ibailope@ucm.es) (I.L.-d.-U.-V.); [grabanal@ucm.es](grabanal@ucm.es) (G.R.-R.); [gusplaza@ucm.es](gusplaza@ucm.es) (G.P.-M.)  \n4 Grupo InPhysio, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC),  \n28040 Madrid, Spain  \n5 Department of Radiology and Rehabilitation, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain  \n* Correspondence: juavaler@ucm.es  \nHighlights  \nWhat are the main findings?  \n• Standardized SWE delivers reproducible LC stiffness in neck pain.  \n• Inter-and intra-examiner reliability was good to excellent.  \nWhat are the implications of the main findings?  \n• Averaging two measurements improved ICCs and decreased SEM and MDC.  \n• Further studies can follow this protocol to characterize LC stiffness.  \nAbstract  \nBackground: Objective, reproducible assessment of deep cervical muscle mechanics is clinically relevant, yet the reliability of shear-wave elastography (SWE) for the longuscolli (LC) has not been established. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine intra-and inter-examiner reliability of LC stiffness measured by SWE under a tightly standardized protocol in patients with mechanical neck pain. Methods: A longitudinal reliability study was conducted. Adults suffering from neck pain for ≥6 months were recruited. Two examiners (with different levels of experience) acquired bilateral LC images using fixed presets. The SWE region of interest covered the full muscle thickness (excluding fascia) to measure the LC shear-wave speed and Young’s modulus. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), standard error of measurement and minimal detectable changes were computed. Results: Nineteen participants with neck pain completed imaging (left and right sides analyzed) . Inter-examiner agreement was good to excellent for single measurements (ICC 3,2 > 0.818) and improved when averaging two acquisitions (ICC 3,2 > 0.866) . Intraexaminer repeatability was good to excellent for the novel examiner (ICC 3,1 > 0.891) and excellent for the experienced examiner (ICC 3,1 > 0.973) . No meaningful stiffness differences by sex or side were observed in this sample (p > 0.05) . Conclusions: A standardized SWE workflow yields reproducible LC stiffness measurements in mechanical neck pain. For longitudinal use, keep a single operator when feasible; in multi-examiner settings, average at least two acquisitions per side to enhance sensitivity to true change.  \nKeywords: longus colli; neck pain; reproducibility; shear-wave elastography; ultrasound imaging  \n1. Introduction  \nThe Longus Colli muscle (LC) is a deep cervical muscle located on the anterior aspect of the vertebral column, extending ","cbCaiqjV7xMRnlmt","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqjV7xMRnlmt","pdf",855861,13,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusions\n# Introduction\n## Longus Colli muscle anatomy and biomechanics\n## Clinical relevance in cervical disorders\n# Highlights\n## Main findings","[{\"question\":\"What was the study’s main objective?\",\"answer\":\"To determine intra- and inter-examiner reliability of longus colli stiffness measured by shear-wave elastography under a tightly standardized protocol in mechanical neck pain patients.\"},{\"question\":\"How were LC stiffness measurements obtained and quantified?\",\"answer\":\"Two examiners acquired bilateral LC SWE images using fixed presets. The region of interest covered the full muscle thickness (excluding fascia), and reliability was assessed using ICCs, standard error of measurement, and minimal detectable change.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the results show about examiner reliability?\",\"answer\":\"Inter-examiner agreement was good to excellent for single measurements and improved when averaging two acquisitions. Intraexaminer repeatability was good to excellent for the novel examiner and excellent for the experienced examiner.\"}]","Testing the Reliability of a Procedure Using Shear-Wave Elastography for Measuring Longus Colli Muscle Stiffness | PDF",1790766032,33]