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The study uses an artificial-language “wug test” (Berko, 1958) to examine 4-year-old children’s production of marked consonant clusters in two morphological environments. Results indicate children repair clusters to satisfy OO-faithfulness, at the expense of other markedness and faithfulness pressures.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/testing-for-oo-faithfulness-in-artificial-phonological-acquisition-research-paper/316093/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/testing-for-oo-faithfulness-in-artificial-phonological-acquisition-research-paper/316093.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ivy","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-09-20",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main learning bias investigated in the paper?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The paper investigates a preference for high-ranking Paradigm Uniformity constraints, formalized as Output-Output Faithfulness (OO-Faith).","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the experiment test OO-Faithfulness?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It uses an artificial-language “wug test” to evaluate 4-year-old children’s production of marked consonant clusters in two different morphological environments.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What do the results show about children’s repairs of consonant clusters?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Children prefer repairs that satisfy OO-faithfulness, even when doing so comes at the expense of other markedness and faithfulness pressures.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},316093,1790568945,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":41,"preview_page_count":4},549758252649,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000253669c5317157?_k=1778319167496531819","Testing for OO-Faithfulness in Artificial Phonological  \nAcquisition  \nAnne-Michelle Tessier  \nUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst  \nAbstract  \nThis paper provides experimental evidence for the claims by Hayes (2004) and McCarthy (1998) that phonological acquisition relies on a bias for high-ranking paradigm uniformity (i.e. Output-Output Faithfulness) . I report an experiment which tested the predictions of this proposed bias, using an artificial language‘wug test’ (Berko, 1958) to test 4-year-old childrens’ production of marked consonant clusters in two different morphological environments. The results support the claim that children prefer to repair clusters in ways that satisfy OOFaith at the expense of other Markedness and Faithfulness pressures.  \n1. Theoretical Background: Ranking Biases and OO-Faith  \nMuch of the OT literature in phonological acquisition, in both the theoretical learnability and experimental domains, has addressed the role of learning biases. In the terms of OT learnability, ranking biases are a theoretical mechanism to ensure that the learner adopts the most restrictive or conservative grammar consistent with the ambient data ([i.e. to](i.e. to) enforce some version of the Subset Principle--see e.g. Berwick (1985), Wexler and Manzini (1987), Dresher and Kaye (1990) .  \nThe basic bias discussed in the OT learnability literature is Markedness >> Faithfulness (Smolensky, 1996; Ito and Mester, 1999; Tesar and Smolensky, 2000; Hayes, 2004; Prince and Tesar, 2004) .1 Empirically, the M >> F bias is supported by a body of experimental and corpus evidence suggesting that children begin with an unmarked grammar and learn to produce increasingly more marked structures over time, in domains including segmental inventory, phonotactics, syllable structure, and foot and prosodic structure (e.g. Demuth, 1995; Gnanadesikan, 1999/2004; Goad and Rose, 2004; Levelt and van de  \n* Thanks to Joe Pater, John McCarthy and Lyn Frazier for invaluable help; to Cushman School, Amherst, MA, for the support of its teachers, director, parents and enthusiastic children; and to Bruce Hayes, Kie Zuraw, Elan Dresher, John Kingston, Beth Hume, Michael Wagner, Kathryn Flack, some anonymous reviewers, and audiences at MOT 2005, HUMDRUM 2005, BUCLD30 and the University of Toronto for insights, challenges and discussion.  \n1. See Hale and Reiss (1998) for a dissenting view.  \nVijver, 2004; Pater, 1997; Pater and Werle, 2001.) A second ranking bias already suggested in the literature, though not always in the present terms, is for Specific >> General faithfulness (Smith, 2000; Hayes, 2004; see also Reviathiadou & Tzakosta, 2004) . Like M >> F, the bias for more specific faithfulness constraints is necessary to prevent the accidental acquisition of superset grammars. While Prince and Tesar (2004) raise serious issues for implementing the Specific-F >> General-F bias, I follow those authors who assume that positional faithfulness constraints are necessary to capture crosslinguistic generalizations (see esp. Beckman 1998)– and see Hayes (2004), Tessier (2006) for proposals of how this bias can be enforced.  \nThis paper is an investigation of a third learning bias proposed in Hayes (2004) and McCarthy (1998): the preference for high-ranking Paradigm Uniformity constraints, formalized here using Output-Output Faithfulness (henceforth OO-Faith; Benua, 2000.) . OO-Faith constraints require that derived words retain the phonological properties of their morphological bases.2  \nTwo learnability arguments have been made for the high-ranking OO-Faith bias. One comes from McCarthy (1998), who points out that an inherent ranking of OO-Faith >> IO-Faith is necessary to learn OO-faithful languages that do not have surface alternations. In such a language, morphological bases are unmarked in some static way (e.g. they never violate word minimality) and this property holds of all members of the paradigm even when the markedness pressure on bases is not relev","cbCaitNftSekN1Mx","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitNftSekN1Mx","pdf",169664,12,"English","# Abstract\n# Theoretical Background: Ranking Biases and OO-Faith\n## Markedness >> Faithfulness\n## Specific >> General faithfulness\n# OO-Faith Bias and Learning Predictions","[{\"question\":\"What is the main learning bias investigated in the paper?\",\"answer\":\"The paper investigates a preference for high-ranking Paradigm Uniformity constraints, formalized as Output-Output Faithfulness (OO-Faith).\"},{\"question\":\"How does the experiment test OO-Faithfulness?\",\"answer\":\"It uses an artificial-language “wug test” to evaluate 4-year-old children’s production of marked consonant clusters in two different morphological environments.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the results show about children’s repairs of consonant clusters?\",\"answer\":\"Children prefer repairs that satisfy OO-faithfulness, even when doing so comes at the expense of other markedness and faithfulness pressures.\"}]","Testing for OO-Faithfulness in Artificial Phonological Acquisition - Research Paper | PDF",1789909830]