[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-442725-105":59,"doc-detail-442725-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","temporal-dynamics-of-the-milk-proteome-in-women-with-gestational-diabetes-mellitus","Temporal Dynamics of the Milk Proteome in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","","Objectives: characterise temporal dynamics of the breast milk proteome between women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and healthy controls across lactation periods, and assess potential effects on offspring growth. Methods: 20 GDM mothers and 20 healthy mothers provided human milk at colostrum, transitional milk, early mature milk, and mature milk; shotgun proteomics with label-free quantification was used. Results: PCoA separated GDM and controls, with differences diminishing over time. Upregulated proteins related to innate immunity, complement/coagulation, secretion, enzymatic/binding activity, and platelet activation; six proteins distinguished groups (AUC=0.91) and 28 proteins tracked across stages with correlations to infant anthropometry. Conclusions: GDM alters the milk proteome, with impact reducing as lactation progresses.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/temporal-dynamics-of-the-milk-proteome-in-women-with-gestational-diabetes-mellitus/442725/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/temporal-dynamics-of-the-milk-proteome-in-women-with-gestational-diabetes-mellitus/442725.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"kopisore","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How were the milk samples collected and at what time points?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Milk was obtained from 20 mothers with GDM and 20 healthy mothers at four lactation periods: colostrum, transitional milk, early mature milk, and mature milk.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What proteomics approach was used to analyze the milk proteome?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Shotgun proteomics with label-free quantification was used to profile and quantify proteins across lactation stages.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which proteins or pathways were most associated with GDM milk?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Upregulated proteins in GDM were linked to the innate immune system, complement and coagulation cascades, cellular secretion, enzymatic and binding activity, and platelet activation.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},442725,1790794621,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":105,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962090880963,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","This article is licensed under CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0  \n[pubs.acs.org/jpr](pubs.acs.org/jpr)  Article   \nTemporal Dynamics of the Milk Proteome in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus  \nQier Mu, Yuanli Luo, Wei Li, Yaqiong Guo, Xiaoling Zeng, Jing Li, Liye Zhu, Yan Xing,* and Jing Zhu *  \n Cite This: J. Proteome Res. 2026, 25, 131−144  \nRead Online  \n\n|  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| ACCESS   | Metrics & More |  |  Article Recommendations |  | *sı Supporting Information |\n\nABSTRACT: Objectives: To characterize the temporal dynamics of the breast milk proteome between women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and healthy controls across various lactation periods and to explore the potential impacts of these proteomic differences on offspring growth. Methods: Twenty mothers with GDM and 20 healthy mothers were included. Human milk samples were obtained at four distinct time points: colostrum, transitional milk, early mature milk, and mature milk. Shotgun proteomics with label-free quantification was applied to analyze the milk proteome. Differentially expressed proteins were determined, and their functional roles were explored by GO enrichment and KEGG analyses. A random forest model was used to identify proteins distinguishing GDM milk. Correlations between differentially expressed proteins and infant anthropometric indices were also assessed. Results: Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed distinct separations in the milk proteome of GDM and healthy mothers, diminishing over time. The upregulated proteins in GDM were linked to the innate immune system, complement and coagulation cascades, cellular secretion, enzymatic and binding activity, and platelet activation. Six proteins effectively distinguished groups (AUC = 0.91). Twenty-eight proteins exhibited consistent changes across stages, correlating with offspring anthropometry. Conclusions: GDM significantly influences the milk proteome, with the extent of alteration diminishing as lactation progresses.  \nKEYWORDS: gestational diabetes mellitus, milk proteome, breast milk, lactational period, infant growth  \n1. INTRODUCTION  \nGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most prevalent metabolic complications during pregnancy.1,2 Its global prevalence has seen a notable increase in recent decades, surging to 14% by the year 2017.3 As GDM primarily manifests during pregnancy, it exerts adverse effects on both mothers and their offspring.4 Women affected by GDM face heightened perinatal morbidity and increased susceptibility to complications such as gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and urinary tract infections. Furthermore, they exhibit an elevated risk of preterm birth and cesarean section, with a particularly high susceptibility to diabetes and cardiovascular disease in later life.5 Additionally, offspring born to mothers with GDMare confronted with increased risks of macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. In the long term, they may encounter childhood obesity and present cardiovascular disease features in adulthood.6  \nBreastfeeding is recommended as the gold standard for nourishing infants, in most cases. However, concerns arise when considering breastfeeding by mothers with GDM. Breastfeeding by mothers with GDM appears to reduce the risk of overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes in breastfed  \nchildren when compared to their formula-fed counterparts.7−9 However, in comparison to milk from healthy mothers, milk from GDM mothers can disrupt gut flora, influence insulin secretion, and potentially fail to mitigate or even exacerbate the adverse effects of GDM on their offspring.10, 11 Recent research by Aris et al. 12 suggested that breastfeeding in the context of GDM was associated with greater weight gain during the first year of life, which, in turn, was thought to increase the risk of future obesity. Offspring from normal Wistar rats fed by diabetic GK rats showed","cbCaiqa2Xs1Bj3W4","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqa2Xs1Bj3W4","pdf",7538695,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"How were the milk samples collected and at what time points?\",\"answer\":\"Milk was obtained from 20 mothers with GDM and 20 healthy mothers at four lactation periods: colostrum, transitional milk, early mature milk, and mature milk.\"},{\"question\":\"What proteomics approach was used to analyze the milk proteome?\",\"answer\":\"Shotgun proteomics with label-free quantification was used to profile and quantify proteins across lactation stages.\"},{\"question\":\"Which proteins or pathways were most associated with GDM milk?\",\"answer\":\"Upregulated proteins in GDM were linked to the innate immune system, complement and coagulation cascades, cellular secretion, enzymatic and binding activity, and platelet activation.\"}]","Temporal Dynamics of the Milk Proteome in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus | PDF",1790701364,35]