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ETS and Praxis are registered trademarks of ETS in the United States and other countries. The Eight-Point logo is a trademark of ETS.  \nTable of Contents  \nPreface....................................................................................................................................................... 6  \nPurpose of This Manual......................................................................................................................... 6  \nAudience ............................................................................................................................................... 6  \nPurpose of the Praxis® Assessments ......................................................................................................... 7  \nOverview ............................................................................................................................................... 7  \nThe Praxis Core Academic Skills for Educators Tests .......................................................................... 8  \nThe Praxis Subject Assessments—Subject Knowledge and Pedagogical Knowledge Related to Teaching ................................................................................................................................................ 8  \nThe School Leadership Series Assessments .......................................................................................... 8  \nHow the Praxis Assessments Address States’ Needs ............................................................................ 9  \nAssessment Development ....................................................................................................................... 10  \nFairness in Test Development ............................................................................................................. 10  \nTest Development Standards ............................................................................................................... 10  \nValidity ................................................................................................................................................ 11  \nThe Nature of Validity Evidence ................................................................................................... 11  \nContent-related Validity Evidence ................................................................................................ 12  \nValidity Maintenance .................................................................................................................... 13  \nTest Development Process .................................................................................................................. 14  \nDevelopment of Test Specifications .............................................................................................. 16  \nFacilitate Committee Meetings...................................................................................................... 16  \nDevelopment of Test Items and Reviews ...................................................................................... 16  \nAssembly of Test Forms and Review ............................................................................................ 16  \nAdminister the Test ....................................................................................................................... 16  \nPerform Statistical Analysis .......................................................................................................... 17  \nReview Processes ................................................................................................................................ 17  \nETS Standards for Quality and Fairness ........................................................................................ 17  \nETS Fairness Review ................................................","cbCaikpv56Vss22V","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikpv56Vss22V","pdf",1590047,54,"English","# Preface\n## Purpose of This Manual\n## Audience\n## Purpose of the Praxis® Assessments\n# Overview\n## The Praxis Core Academic Skills for Educators Tests\n## The Praxis Subject Assessments—Subject Knowledge and Pedagogical Knowledge Related to Teaching\n## The School Leadership Series Assessments\n## How the Praxis Assessments Address States’ Needs\n# Assessment Development\n## Fairness in Test Development\n## Test Development Standards\n## Validity\n## Test Development Process\n## Development of Test Specifications\n## Development of Test Items and Reviews\n## Assembly of Test Forms and Review\n## Administer the Test\n## Perform Statistical Analysis\n## Review Processes\n## ETS Standards for Quality and Fairness\n## ETS Fairness Review\n## Test Adoption Process\n# Psychometric Properties\n## Test-Scoring Process\n## Item Analyses\n## Classical Item Analyses","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose and intended audience of this Praxis technical manual?\",\"answer\":\"It explains the 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