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The appendix summarizes prior evidence on prevalence and effects, presents the dataset drawn from NWEA anonymized longitudinal student achievement records, and describes school- and student-level variables used for analysis, including poverty measures from 2019-20 CCD.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/technical-brief-technical-appendix/586387/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/technical-brief-technical-appendix/586387.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Quinn Holloway","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the purpose of the technical appendix?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It shares detailed results and expands the sample and methods used in the research brief on redshirting kindergartners.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What research questions are examined?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The appendix addresses how prevalent redshirting is (and whether it changed during COVID-19), which students are more likely to redshirt, and whether redshirted students retain an academic advantage as they progress through elementary school.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What data source is used for the study?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The study uses the NWEA anonymized longitudinal student achievement database, drawing on MAP Growth assessments and additional demographic and school-level poverty information.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},586387,1792188609,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},2336474466712,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","TECHNICAL BRIEF  \nTechnical appendix for:  \n“Should kindergartners be redshirted? Costs likely outweigh academic benefits”  \nMarch 2026  \nMegan Kuhfeld and Sofia Postell  \nNWEA, a division of HMH, supports students and educators worldwide by providing assessment solutions, insightful reports, professional learning offerings, and research services. Visit [NWEA.org](NWEA.org) to find out how NWEA can partner with you to help all kids learn.  \n© 2026 NWEA. NWEA and MAP are registered trademarks, and MAP Growth is a trademark, of NWEA in the US and in other countries. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be modified or further distributed without written permission from NWEA.  \nSuggested citation: Kuhfeld, M. & Postell, S. (2026) . Technical appendix for: Should kindergartners be redshirted? Costs likely outweigh academic benefits.  \nTable of Contents  \n1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 2  \n2. Literature Review ........................................................................................................................ 2  \n3. Data ............................................................................................................................................. 2  \n4. Methods ...................................................................................................................................... 3  \n5. Supplemental Analyses .............................................................................................................. 5  \n6. References.................................................................................................................................. 6  \nList of Tables  \nTable 1. Summary of Studies on Prevalence of Redshirting ......................................................... 7  \nTable 2. Summary of Studies on the Effects of Redshirting .......................................................... 8  \nTable 3. Student Sample Characteristics ....................................................................................... 9  \nTable 4. Sample School Descriptive Statistics Relative to U.S. Population of Schools Serving Kindergarten................................................................................................................ 10  \nTable 5. State School Entry Age Cut-off Dates............................................................................ 11  \nTable 6. Rates of Redshirting Overall and by Subgroup ............................................................. 12  \nTable 7. Standardized Mean Differences Between On-Time Entrants and Redshirters in 2021-  \n22 Kindergarten Cohort .............................................................................................. 13  \nTable 8. Comparison of Redshirting Rates By Sample................................................................ 14  \nList of Figures  \nFigure A1 . Visual Depiction of Classification of Redshirters, K Repeaters, On-Time Entrants, and Early Entrants...................................................................................................... 15  \nFigure A2 . Comparison of Standardized Mean Differences Between Redshirters and On-Time Entrants by Cohort and Subject.................................................................................. 16  \n1. Introduction  \nThe purpose of this technical appendix is to share detailed results and to more fully describe the sample and methods used in the research included in the brief Should kindergartners be redshirted? Costs likely outweigh academic benefits. We investigated three main research questions in this brief:  \n1. How prevalent is redshirting? Did it shift during the COVID-19 pandemic?  \n2. Which students are most likely to redshirt?  \n3. Do the students that redshirt maintain an academic advantage over on-time entrants as they move through elementary school?  \n2. Literature Review  \nR","cbCail1GcyvThVoV","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCail1GcyvThVoV","pdf",593608,18,"English","# Introduction\n# Literature Review\n# Data\n# Methods\n# Supplemental Analyses\n# References","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of the technical appendix?\",\"answer\":\"It shares detailed results and expands the sample and methods used in the research brief on redshirting kindergartners.\"},{\"question\":\"What research questions are examined?\",\"answer\":\"The appendix addresses how prevalent redshirting is (and whether it changed during COVID-19), which students are more likely to redshirt, and whether redshirted students retain an academic advantage as they progress through elementary school.\"},{\"question\":\"What data source is used for the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses the NWEA anonymized longitudinal student achievement database, drawing on MAP Growth assessments and additional demographic and school-level poverty information.\"}]","TECHNICAL BRIEF - Technical appendix | PDF",1792057772,45]