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The discussion contrasts early purification attempts that isolated an incorrect ATPase with improved methods that identified the potassium ion-dependent H+,K+-ATPase, demonstrating hypothesis formation and scientific 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Biological Research with Primary Literature: Learning from the Discovery of the Gastric Proton Pump  \nLixin Zhu  \nDigestive Diseases and Nutrition Center, Department of Pediatrics State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY14214  \nEmail: [lixinzhu@buffalo.edu](lixinzhu@buffalo.edu)  \nAbstract: For the purpose of teaching collegians the fundamentals of biological research, literature explaining the discovery of the gastric proton pump was presented in a 50-min lecture. The presentation included detailed information pertaining to the discovery process. This study was chosen because it demonstrates the importance of having a broad range of knowledge, performing technique with precision, and thinking creatively, in the context of an interesting story about an enzyme which is important in our daily lives. Kasbekar and Durbin were the first team that tried to purify a gastric proton pump for characterization. They isolated the wrong ATPase because of inaccurate technique. Forte et al. improved the technique and isolated the gastric proton pumps. More importantly, for the first time Forte et al. demonstrated that the proton pump is a potassium ion dependent ATPase, or H+,K+ -ATPase. The primary literature used here served as a valuable tool to demystify both the process of formulating atestable hypothesis and the pathway for a scientific discovery.  \nKey words: undergraduate; research article; H+,K+-ATPase.  \nINTRODUCTION  \nResearch articles have been incorporated into undergraduate biological education for a variety of purposes. Unlike textbooks, research articles usually feature unanswered and controversial questions that can stimulate students􀀮 curiosity and motivate them to learn. Therefore, research articles have been used to facilitate the teaching of biological courses, such as genetics (Pall, 2000, Wu, 2009), neuroscience (Lynd-Balta, 2006) and biochemistry (Zhu, 2008) . Research articles are also introduced to undergraduates in the forms of journal clubs and seminars to demystify scientific research and retain these students in a biological research career (Kozeracki et al., 2006) . One difficulty in using research articles for this purpose is that the critical thinking leading to the discovery is usually buried deep in the introduction section, and not readily identifiable by the students and instructors who are not in this particular field of research. Working with one of the greatest contemporary scientists, John G. Forte (University of California, Berkeley), allowed me unique opportunities to understand these 􀀶hidden􀀷 details of some revolutionary discoveries.  \nThe State University of New York at Buffalo offers college students the opportunity to participate in a Discovery Seminar Program. The program provides students an opportunity to engage in a thought-provoking and challenging topic with a research faculty member. In preparing a lecture designed to demonstrate the fundamentals in  \nbiological research to my undergraduate students, I found that Forte et al.􀀮s discovery of the proton pump (Forte et al., 1967) was well-suited for this purpose. Forte et al.􀀮s discovery can be used as a tool to demonstrate the importance of a broad range of knowledge, performing technique with precision, and thinking creatively in biological research.  \nWith the proton pump inhibitor being the second most prescribed medicine in the United States (Mullin et al., 2009), the topic presented in this paper quickly caught the students􀀮 attention. In addition, the anticipation of the unveiling of the mystery of this great discovery was another enticement for them, especially for those considering graduate education or medicine-related education.  \nBeing a simple story, this article (Forte et al., 1967) is easy for students and biology instructors from different sub-specialties to comprehend. The critical experiments involved in the discovery of the proton pump are simply differential centrifugat","cbCaii7WGi8BWzlf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaii7WGi8BWzlf","pdf",385564,"English","# Introduction\n## Research articles in undergraduate education\n## Use of the Discovery Seminar Program\n## Motivation for the lecture topic\n## Teaching approach and module design\n# Results\n## Introduction of the topic","[{\"question\":\"How does the lecture module use primary literature to teach biological research fundamentals?\",\"answer\":\"It presents a 50-minute lecture based on the gastric proton pump discovery story, focusing on the discovery process and the skills needed for research such as knowledge breadth, precise technique, and creative thinking.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the key methodological improvements in the gastric proton pump discovery?\",\"answer\":\"Initial work isolated the wrong ATPase due to inaccurate technique, while later improvements enabled isolation of the gastric proton pumps and, importantly, showed that the proton pump is a potassium ion-dependent ATPase (H+,K+-ATPase).\"},{\"question\":\"Why is the gastric proton pump topic engaging for students?\",\"answer\":\"Its medical relevance is noted because a proton pump inhibitor is widely prescribed in the United States, and the narrative is presented as a simple, compelling story that can be understood across sub-specialties.\"}]","Teaching the Fundamentals of Biological Research with Primary Literature - Learning from the Discovery of the Gastric Proton Pump | PDF",1792081278,15]