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The guide supports lesson planning and delivery by summarising research on why deception is used online, outlining the intentional misrepresentation of identity, personal information, or intentions in digital communication, and distinguishing common strategic deceptions from extreme forms such as catfishing. 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It includes links to research studies, newspaper articles and videos.  \n• There is no expectation that you will include the material in this guide in your delivery of the A-level Psychology (7182) specification (AQA)  \n• The delivery of this content is not prescriptive but rather offers material you may wish to use when planning and delivering lessons relating to the use of deception in online relationships. You are free to use alternative material that you select for the delivery of this specification content.  \nSummary  \nWhen delivering this updated specification content, you may wish to:  \n• briefly consider different types of deception used in online relationships  \n• consider the range of deceptions, from small, relatively harmless deceptions (for example, butler lies) to the more extreme, harmful form (for example, catfishing)  \n• explore explanations for the use of deception  \n• research studies into the use of deception  \n• explore gender differences in the use of deception.  \nContents  \nYou can use the title links to jump directly to the different sections of this teaching guide.  \n\n| Section | Page |\n| --- | --- |\n| Overview of deception in online relationships | 3 |\n| Types of online deception | 3 |\n| Hancock (2009): The butler lie | 5 |\n| Explanations for the use of deception in online relationships | 7 |\n| Gender differences in the use of deception in online relationships | 11 |\n| Quick view summary | 12 |\n| Additional resources | 13 |\n\nVersion 1.0  \nNovember 2025  \nOverview of deception in online relationships  \n• Deception in online relationships refers to the intentional misrepresentation of identity, personal information or intentions in digital communication, often used to manage impressions, initiate or maintain romantic connections, or avoid social discomfort (Markowitz and Hancock, 2018) .  \n• According to Toma, Hancock and Ellison (2008), the core motivation for deception in online dating is to present a more desirable self to attract prospective partners.  \n• Deception can also be motivated by seeking attention/acceptance, personal gain or avoiding conflict.  \n• Small strategic forms of online deception are common, but more extreme and dangerous forms are less so. Users may lie about age, appearance or interests, but usually in small ways that they believe won’t be discovered quickly. (Because users expect to meet in person eventually, they tend to avoid major lies that could be easily exposed.)  \n• On the other hand, catfishing is an extreme form of online deception where an individual creates a fake online identity, with the intention of misleading others. The motivation for catfishing differs from the motivation behind the smaller, less harmful forms of deception.  \n• Ellison and colleagues (2011) discovered that the acceptability of online deceptions by online daters may vary according to factors such as the magnitude of themisrepresentation (for example claiming to be many inches taller than you are rather than just a few inches taller) .  \n• People often rationalise the use of deception through the concept of multiple selves.  \n• Deception tends to be shaped by the platform being used – people tend to lie less in messages that can be saved or reviewed (such as emails and dating profiles","cbCaivAB9ntxtlkp","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivAB9ntxtlkp","pdf",237777,13,"English","# Overview of deception in online relationships\n# Types of online deception\n## Butler lies\n## Self-enhancement lies\n## Selective self-presentation\n## Catfishing\n# Explanations for the use of deception in online relationships\n# Gender differences in the use of deception in online relationships\n# Quick view summary\n# Additional resources","[{\"question\":\"What does deception in online relationships mean in this guide?\",\"answer\":\"It is the intentional misrepresentation of identity, personal information, or intentions in digital communication. It is used to manage impressions, initiate or maintain romantic connections, or avoid social discomfort.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the main types of online deception covered?\",\"answer\":\"The guide covers butler lies, self-enhancement lies, selective self-presentation, and catfishing. It also contrasts small, relatively harmless deceptions with extreme, harmful forms.\"},{\"question\":\"Why do people use deception in online dating according to the guide?\",\"answer\":\"Motivations include presenting a more desirable self to attract partners, seeking attention or acceptance, gaining personal advantage, and avoiding conflict. The guide also notes rationalisation through the concept of multiple selves.\"}]","Teaching guide - Online relationships and use of deception | PDF",1792467217,33]