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It reviews multiple task analysis methodologies, including hierarchical task analysis, critical path analysis, GOMS, verbal protocol analysis, tabular decomposition, and cognitive approaches such as ACTA, cognitive walkthrough, critical decision making, and critical incident technique. Automation is then classified using frameworks including Sheridan’s LOA, ALFUS, pilot-associate LOA, cognitive cockpit pact, and Endsley’s LOA, supported by an aircraft navigation scenario-based HTA. Results include an LOA analysis and comparison for MCDU-based FMS under improvement hypotheses, concluding with structured findings and references.",{"@graph":69,"@context":127},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/task-analysis-for-hmi-design-level-of-automation-study-of-aircraft-navigation-functions/199296/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/task-analysis-for-hmi-design-level-of-automation-study-of-aircraft-navigation-functions/199296.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Fahsai","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-17","2026-09-04",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119,123],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the thesis objective in relation to HMI design?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"It uses task analysis to inform the design of human-machine interfaces for aircraft, specifically by studying how automation levels relate to navigation functions.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which task analysis methods are discussed before the automation study?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The thesis covers hierarchical task analysis, critical path analysis, GOMS, verbal protocol analysis, and tabular task analysis, as well as cognitive methods such as ACTA, cognitive walkthrough, critical decision making, and critical incident technique.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How is the level of automation evaluated for aircraft navigation?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Automation levels are classified using several LOA frameworks including Sheridan’s LOA, ALFUS, pilot-associate LOA, cognitive cockpit pact, and Endsley’s LOA, then applied to scenario-based HTA.",{"name":124,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":125},"What comparisons are made in the MCDU-based FMS section?",{"text":126,"@type":114},"The thesis performs an LOA analysis for MCDU-based FMS, proposes improvement hypotheses, and compares outcomes through scenario analyses of flights with route modification and diversion.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":129,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":131,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":133,"site_id":62},199296,1788505551,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":136},{"doc_id":133,"user_id":137,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":138,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":139,"file_id":140,"file_url":141,"file_type":142,"file_size":143,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":144,"language":145,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":146,"faqs":147,"seo_title":148,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":134,"read_time":149,"preview_page_count":4},549768702563,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000c4aa63b76e948b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786536092046926083","ALMA MATER STUDIORUM  \nUNIVERSITA’ DI BOLOGNA  \nSCHOOL OF ENGINEERING  \n-Forlì Campus  \nSECOND CYCLE MASTER’S DEGREE in  \nINGEGNERIA AEROSPAZIALE/ AEROSPACE ENGINEERING  \nClass: LM-20  \nGRADUATION THESIS FOR MASTER’S DEGREE in AEROSPACE STRUCTURES  \nTASK ANALYSIS FOR HMI DESIGN  \nLEVEL OF AUTOMATION STUDY OF AIRCRAFT NAVIGATION  \nFUNCTIONS  \nCANDIDATE SUPERVISOR  \nOmar Abdel Karim Prof. Enrico Troiani  \nCO-SUPERVISOR Eng. Marco Fabbri  \nAcademic Year 2019/2020  \nTABLE OF CONTENTS  \nLIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... V  \nLIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... VII  \nACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................ IX  \nACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ XII  \n1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1  \n1.1 OBJECTIVE ...................................................................................................... 1  \n1.2 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS ............................................................................ 2  \n2 TASK ANALYSIS METHODS ............................................................................... 4  \n2.1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................. 4  \n2.2 TASK ANALYSIS METHODS.............................................................................. 5  \n2.2.1 HIERARCHICAL TASK ANALYSIS (HTA) ......................................................... 5  \n2.2.2 CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS (CPA) .................................................................. 8  \n2.2.3 GOALS, OPERATORS, METHODS AND SELECTION RULES (GOMS) ............ 11  \n2.2.4 VERBAL PROTOCOL ANALYSIS (VPA) ......................................................... 13  \n2.2.5 TABULAR TASK ANALYSIS (TTA) OR TASK DECOMPOSITION ..................... 15  \n2.3 COGNITIVE TASK ANALYSIS METHODS ......................................................... 17  \n2.3.1 APPLIED COGNITIVE TASK ANALYSIS (ACTA) ............................................ 18  \n2.3.2 COGNITIVE WALKTHROUGH ..................................................................... 21  \n2.3.3 CRITICAL DECISION MAKING (CDM) ......................................................... 22  \n2.3.4 CRITICAL INCIDENT TECHNIQUE (CIT) ....................................................... 25  \n2.4 CRITICAL REVIEW ......................................................................................... 27  \n3 LEVEL OF AUTOMATION CLASSIFICATIONS .................................................... 29  \n3.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ 29  \n3.2 SHERIDAN’S ORIGINAL AND REVISED LOA.................................................... 32  \n3.3 AUTONOMY LEVELS FOR UNMANNED SYSTEMS (ALFUS) FRAMEWORK ...... 33  \n3.4 PILOT’S ASSOCIATE LOA ............................................................................... 38  \n3.5 COGNITIVE COCKPIT PACT ........................................................................... 40  \n3.6 ENDSLEY’S LOA............................................................................................. 42  \n3.7 CRITICAL REVIEW ......................................................................................... 45  \n4 DESCRIPTION OF AIRCRAFT NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND SCENARIO BASED HTA .................................................................................................................... 47  \n4.1 CONCEPTS OF AIR NAVIGATION TECHNIQUES ............................................. 47  \n4.2 FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM................................................................... 54  \n4.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE SCENARIOS UNDER ANALYSIS ...................................","cbCaiqDCf6CBsZDX","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqDCf6CBsZDX","pdf",15715837,151,"English","# List of figures\n# List of tables\n# Acronyms and abbreviations\n# Acknowledgements\n# Introduction\n## Objective\n## Structure of the thesis\n# Task analysis methods\n## Hierarchical task analysis (HTA)\n## Critical path analysis (CPA)\n## Goals, operators, methods and selection rules (GOMS)\n## Verbal protocol analysis (VPA)\n## Tabular task analysis (TTA) or task decomposition\n## Applied cognitive task analysis (ACTA)\n## Cognitive walkthrough\n## Critical decision making (CDM)\n## Critical incident technique (CIT)\n## Critical review\n# Level of automation classifications\n## Sheridan’s original and revised LOA\n## Autonomy levels for unmanned systems (ALFUS) framework\n## Pilot’s associate LOA\n## Cognitive cockpit pact\n## Endsley’s LOA\n## Critical review\n# Description of aircraft navigation systems and scenario based HTA\n## Concepts of air navigation techniques\n## Flight management system\n## Description of the scenarios under analysis\n## Task analysis\n# MCDU-based FMS vs. improvement hypotheses: LOA analysis and comparison\n## LOA analysis of MCDU-based FMS\n## Improvement hypotheses\n## Analysis and comparison\n## Critical review\n# Conclusions\n# Bibliography\n# Annexes: Complete task analysis","[{\"question\":\"What is the thesis objective in relation to HMI design?\",\"answer\":\"It uses task analysis to inform the design of human-machine interfaces for aircraft, specifically by studying how automation levels relate to navigation functions.\"},{\"question\":\"Which task analysis methods are discussed before the automation study?\",\"answer\":\"The thesis covers hierarchical task analysis, critical path analysis, GOMS, verbal protocol analysis, and tabular task analysis, as well as cognitive methods such as ACTA, cognitive walkthrough, critical decision making, and critical incident technique.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the level of automation evaluated for aircraft navigation?\",\"answer\":\"Automation levels are classified using several LOA frameworks including Sheridan’s LOA, ALFUS, pilot-associate LOA, cognitive cockpit pact, and Endsley’s LOA, then applied to scenario-based HTA.\"},{\"question\":\"What comparisons are made in the MCDU-based FMS section?\",\"answer\":\"The thesis performs an LOA analysis for MCDU-based FMS, proposes improvement hypotheses, and compares outcomes through scenario analyses of flights with route modification and diversion.\"}]","Task analysis for HMI design - Level of automation study of aircraft navigation functions | PDF",381]