[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-353677-105":59,"doc-detail-353677-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","targeting-triple-negative-breast-cancer-a-special-focus-on-phototherapy-and-nanomaterials","Targeting Triple-Negative Breast Cancer - A Special Focus on Phototherapy and Nanomaterials","","Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype defined by the lack of estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors, which undermines the effectiveness of hormonal and targeted approaches. Despite advances across chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, clinical outcomes remain poor, creating an urgent need for new strategies. This review highlights photothermal therapy (PTT) enhanced by nanotechnology, especially PTT with gold nanoparticles.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/targeting-triple-negative-breast-cancer-a-special-focus-on-phototherapy-and-nanomaterials/353677/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/targeting-triple-negative-breast-cancer-a-special-focus-on-phototherapy-and-nanomaterials/353677.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Oliver","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why is triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) difficult to treat?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"TNBC lacks estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors, limiting hormonal and targeted therapy options. Even with multiple treatment modalities, outcomes are still poor.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What is the focus of this review?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The review focuses on photothermal therapy (PTT) combined with nanotechnology-based strategies. It emphasizes how PTT can be potentiated using gold nanoparticles.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How do gold nanoparticles enhance photothermal therapy (PTT) in TNBC?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Under near-infrared irradiation, gold nanoparticles act as efficient photothermal agents, producing localized hyperthermia. This disrupts cellular homeostasis and triggers cell death pathways that can lead to tumor regression.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},353677,1790471206,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},8796095461610,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Review  \nTargeting Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Special Focus on Phototherapy and Nanomaterials  \nRicardo Pereira 1, João M. P. Coelho 1,2, *, Maria Manuela Gaspar 1,2, * and Catarina Pinto Reis 1,2, *  \nAcademic Editors: Jiandong Huang and Zhourui Xu  \nReceived: 9 December 2025  \nRevised: 22 January 2026  \nAccepted: 26 January 2026  \nPublished: 2 February 2026  \nCopyright: © 2026 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; [pereiraricardo@edu.ulisboa.pt](pereiraricardo@edu.ulisboa.pt)  \n2 Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica (IBEB), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal  \n* [Correspondence: jmcoelho@ciencias.ulisboa.pt](Correspondence: jmcoelho@ciencias.ulisboa.pt) (J.M.P.C.); [mgaspar@ff.ulisboa.pt](mgaspar@ff.ulisboa.pt) (M.M.G.); [catarinareis@ff.ulisboa.pt](catarinareis@ff.ulisboa.pt) (C.P.R.); Tel.: +351-217-946-400 (ext. 514388) (C.P.R.)  \nAbstract  \nTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer lacking estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. This characteristic limits the effectiveness of hormonal and targeted therapies, and despite advances in chemotherapy (ChT), radiotherapy (RT), surgery, targeted therapy (TT) and immunotherapy (IT), clinical outcomes remain poor, highlighting an urgent need for new therapeutic strategies. The development of advanced nanotechnology-based strategies has opened new avenues for the diagnosis and therapy of TNBC. This review focuses on photothermal therapy (PTT) combined with nanotechnology-based strategies. PTT constitutes an emerging modality for oncological treatment that leverages light irradiation, mostly in the near-infrared (NIR) spectral region, to induce the localized thermal ablation of malignant tissues. When combined with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), PTT is significantly potentiated. AuNPs have distinctive optical and physicochemical characteristics, rendering them highly effective as multifunctional nanoplatforms. Upon irradiation, AuNPs act as efficient photothermal agents, inducing localized hyperthermia. This thermal effect disrupts cellular homeostasis and initiates a cascade of cell death pathways, including apoptosis and necrosis, culminating in tumor regression. This review describes the latest therapeutic advances of PTT and AuNPs. As this innovative approach progresses toward clinical application, future studies and trials will be crucial in determining its potential for TNBC management and improving patient outcomes.  \nKeywords: triple-negative breast cancer; light-based therapy; photothermal therapy; gold nanoparticles  \n1. Introduction to Triple-Negative Breast Cancer  \n1.1. Understanding Triple-Negative Breast Cancer  \nBreast cancer (BC) accounts for the second highest incidence among all cancers, by gender and age, and ranks fourth in mortality [1] . Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined by the absence of an estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) . TNBC specifically accounts for 10 to 20% of all BC diagnoses. It is highly invasive, commonly diagnosed in younger women and tends to relapse faster [2,3] . It has an increased risk of metastasis in the lungs, liver and central nervous system. The five-year mortality rate approaches 40%, rising to nearly 75%  \nin cases of early recurrence. When metastasis occurs, the five-year survival may fall below 11%[4–6] . Therefore, TNBC is usually considered a moderate-to high-risk malignancy [7] .  \nBased on mRNA expression profiles, TNBC’s classification was initially divided into the following six molecular subtypes: two basal-like, mesenchymal, mesenchymal stem-lik","cbCaianHbGVVG5ek","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaianHbGVVG5ek","pdf",2000352,26,"English","# Introduction to Triple-Negative Breast Cancer\n## Understanding Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","[{\"question\":\"Why is triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) difficult to treat?\",\"answer\":\"TNBC lacks estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors, limiting hormonal and targeted therapy options. Even with multiple treatment modalities, outcomes are still poor.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the focus of this review?\",\"answer\":\"The review focuses on photothermal therapy (PTT) combined with nanotechnology-based strategies. It emphasizes how PTT can be potentiated using gold nanoparticles.\"},{\"question\":\"How do gold nanoparticles enhance photothermal therapy (PTT) in TNBC?\",\"answer\":\"Under near-infrared irradiation, gold nanoparticles act as efficient photothermal agents, producing localized hyperthermia. This disrupts cellular homeostasis and triggers cell death pathways that can lead to tumor regression.\"}]","Targeting Triple-Negative Breast Cancer - A Special Focus on Phototherapy and Nanomaterials | PDF",1790106711,66]